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Discussion Paper
Global Supply Chain Pressure Index: The China Factor
Clark, Hunter L.; Benigno, Gianluca; Akinci, Ozge; Cross-Bermingham, William; Nourbash, Ethan (2023-01-06)
In a January 2022 post, we first presented the Global Supply Chain Pressure Index (GSCPI), a parsimonious global measure designed to capture supply chain disruptions using a range of indicators. In this post, we review GSCPI readings through December 2022, and then briefly discuss the drivers of recent moves in the index. While supply chain disruptions have significantly diminished over the course of 2022, the reversion of the index toward a normal historical range has paused over the past three months. Our analysis attributes the recent pause largely to the pandemic in China amid an easing ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20230106

Discussion Paper
A New Barometer of Global Supply Chain Pressures
Noble, Adam I.; Benigno, Gianluca; Groen, Jan J. J.; di Giovanni, Julian (2022-01-04)
Supply chain disruptions have become a major challenge for the global economy since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Factory shutdowns (particularly in Asia) and widespread lockdowns and mobility restrictions have resulted in disruptions across logistics networks, increases in shipping costs, and longer delivery times. Several measures have been used to gauge these disruptions, although those measures tend to focus on selected dimensions of global supply chains. In this post, we propose a new gauge, the Global Supply Chain Pressure Index (GSCPI), which integrates a number of commonly used ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20220104

Report
Estimating Macroeconomic Models of Financial Crises: An Endogenous Regime-Switching Approach
Benigno, Gianluca; Foerster, Andrew T.; Otrok, Christopher; Rebucci, Alessandro (2020-10-01)
We estimate a workhorse dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with an occasionally binding borrowing constraint. First, we propose a new speciﬁcation of the occasionally binding constraint, where the transition between the unconstrained and constrained states is a stochastic function of the leverage level and the constraint multiplier. This speciﬁcation maps into an endogenous regime-switching model. Second, we develop a general perturbation method for the solution of such a model. Third, we estimate the model with Bayesian methods to ﬁt Mexico’s business cycle and ...
Staff Reports , Paper 944

Discussion Paper
Measuring the Financial Stability Real Interest Rate, r**
Akinci, Ozge; Benigno, Gianluca; Del Negro, Marco; Nourbash, Ethan; Queraltó, Albert (2023-05-24)
Comparing our financial stability real interest rate, r** (“r-double-star”) with the prevailing real interest rate gives a measure of how vulnerable the economy is to financial instability. In this post, we first explain how r** can be measured, and then discuss its evolution over the last fifty years and how to interpret the recent banking turmoil within this framework.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20230524

Working Paper
Capital controls or exchange rate policy? a pecuniary externality perspective
Benigno, Gianluca; Young, Eric; Otrok, Christopher; Chen, Huigang; Rebucci, Alessandro (2012)
In the aftermath of the global nancial crisis, a new policy paradigm has emerged> in which old-fashioned policies such as capital controls and other government distor-> tions have become part of the standard policy toolkit (the so-called macro-prudential> policies). On the wave of this seemingly unanimous policy consensus, a new strand> of theoretical literature contends that capital controls are welfare enhancing and can> be justi ed rigorously because of second-best considerations. Within the same the-> oretical framework adopted in this fast-growing literature, we show that a credible> ...
Working Papers , Paper 2012-025

Report
Managing Monetary Policy Normalization
Benigno, Gianluca; Benigno, Pierpaolo (2022-05-01)
We propose a new framework for monetary policy analysis to study monetary policy normalization when exiting a liquidity trap. The optimal combination of reserves and interest rate policy requires an increase in liquidity (reserves) a few quarters after the policy rate is set at the effective lower bound. Removal of accommodation requires that quantitative tightening starts before the liftoff of the policy rate. Moreover, the withdrawal of liquidity takes place at a very slow pace relative to the normalization of the policy rate.
Staff Reports , Paper 1015

Report
Optimal Policy for Macro-Financial Stability
Young, Eric R.; Benigno, Gianluca; Otrok, Christopher; Chen, Huigang; Rebucci, Alessandro (2019-10-01)
There is a new and now large literature analyzing government policies for financial stability based on models with endogenous borrowing constraints. These normative analyses build upon the concept of constrained efficient allocation, where the social planner is constrained by the same borrowing limit that agents face. In this paper, we show that the same set of policy tools that implement the constrained efficient allocation can be used by a Ramsey planner to replicate the unconstrained allocation, thus achieving higher welfare. The constrained social planner approach may lead to inaccurate ...
Staff Reports , Paper 899

Discussion Paper
The International Experience of Central Bank Asset Purchases and Inflation
Benigno, Gianluca; Pesenti, Paolo (2021-10-20)
Recent inflationary pressures in the global economy have rekindled the debate on the link between money growth and price stability. Specifically, does rapid central bank money creation resulting from large-scale purchases of government securities fuel inflationary spending by households and firms? We argue that there are many valid reasons to be skeptical about this textbook narrative. In this post, we look at the international experience with regard to asset purchases, money growth, and inflation dynamics in the pre-COVID era in an attempt to draw lessons from the recent past. Most notably, ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20211020

Discussion Paper
The Dollar’s Imperial Circle
Akinci, Ozge; Benigno, Gianluca; Pelin, Serra; Turek, Jonathan (2023-03-01)
The importance of the U.S. dollar in the context of the international monetary system has been examined and studied extensively. In this post, we argue that the dollar is not only the dominant global currency but also a key variable affecting global economic conditions. We describe the mechanism through which the dollar acts as a procyclical force, generating what we dub the “Dollar’s Imperial Circle,” where swings in the dollar govern global macro developments.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20230301

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