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Working Paper
Labor Market Tightness during WWI and the Postwar Recession of 1920-1921
Anderson, Haelim; Chang, Jin-Wook (2022-08-01)
The U.S. economy entered the 1920s with a robust job market and high inflation but fell into a recession following the Federal Reserve's discount rate hikes to tame inflation. Using a newly constructed data set, we study labor market dynamics during this period. We find that labor markets were tight when the Federal Reserve began tightening monetary policy, but they became loose following the tightening as the recession deepened. The demand-supply imbalance in the labor market was driven by a sharp decline in the number of job openings. We also show that the recession had an uneven effect on ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2022-049

Speech
The Great Inflation 2.0 Debate
Evans, Charles L. (2009-07-08)
Remarks by Charles L. Evans, President and Chief Executive Officer, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Council on Foreign Relations New York, NY
Speech , Paper 32

Working Paper
Seigniorage and Sovereign Default: The Response of Emerging Markets to COVID-19
Espino, Emilio; Sanchez, Juan M.; Martin, Fernando M.; Kozlowski, Julian (2020-07-10)
Monetary policy affects the tradeoffs faced by governments in sovereign default models. In the absence of lump-sum taxation, governments rely on both disortionary taxes and seigniorage to finance expenditure. Furthermore, monetary policy adds a time-consistency problem in debt choice, which may mitigate or exacerbate the incentives to accumulate debt. A deterioration of the terms-of-trade leads to an increase in sovereign-default risk and inflation, and a reduction in growth, which are consistent with the empirical evidence for emerging economies. An unanticipated shock resembling the ...
Working Papers , Paper 2020-017

Report
Pareto Improving Fiscal and Monetary Policies: Samuelson in the New Keynesian Model
Aguiar, Mark; Amador, Manuel; Arellano, Cristina (2023-06-16)
This paper explores the positive and normative consequences of government bond issuances in a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous agents, focusing on how the stock of government bonds affects the cross-sectional allocation of resources in the spirit of Samuelson (1958). We characterize the Pareto optimal levels of government bonds and the associated monetary policy adjustments that should accompany Pareto-improving bond issuances. The paper introduces a simple phase diagram to analyze the global equilibrium dynamics of inflation, interest rates, and labor earnings in response to changes in ...
Staff Report , Paper 646

Working Paper
Is GDP Becoming Obsolete? The 'Beyond GDP' Debate
Nakamura, Leonard I.; Charles, Hulton (2022-11-08)
GDP is a closely watched indicator of the current health of the economy and an important tool of economic policy. It has been called one of the great inventions of the 20th century. It is not, however, a persuasive indicator of individual well-being or economic progress. There have been calls to refocus or replace GDP with a metric that better reflects the welfare dimension. In response, the U.S. agency responsible for the GDP accounts recently launched the GDP and Beyond program. This is by no means an easy undertaking, given the subjective and idiosyncratic nature of much of individual ...
Working Papers , Paper 21-37

Briefing
Untangling Persistent Inflation: Understanding the Factors at Work
Schwartzman, Felipe (2023-09)
While recent inflation numbers have been encouraging, persistent inflationary pressures remain a topic of concern and policy deliberation. This article delves into some candidate drivers of inflation persistence and their implications for monetary policy. In particular, we explore factors contributing to the persistence of inflation, such as intrinsic persistence, complementarities, indexation, unanchoring of expectations, fiscal policy and other persistent inflationary shocks.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief , Volume 23 , Issue 31

Working Paper
Anchored or Not: How Much Information Does 21st Century Data Contain on Inflation Dynamics?
Kiley, Michael T. (2022-03-30)
Inflation was low and stable in the United States during the first two decades of the 21st century and broke out of its stable range in 2021. Experience in the early 21st century differed from that of the second half of the 20th century, when inflation showed persistent movements including the "Great Inflation" of the 1970s. This analysis examines the extent to which the experience from 2000-2019 should lead a Bayesian decisionmaker to update their assessment of inflation dynamics. Given a prior for inflation dynamics consistent with 1960-1999 data, a Bayesian decisionmaker would not ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2022-016

Speech
The Outlook for the Economy and Monetary Policy; 02.13.19; University of Kentucky Gatton College of Business and Economics, 2019 Economic Outlook Conference, Lexington, KY
Mester, Loretta J. (2019-02-13)
The Cleveland Fed is one of 12 regional Reserve Banks distributed across the country that, along with the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., comprise the Federal Reserve System. This regional structure helps us to collect information from around the country so that our monetary policy decisions can take into account the diversity of the American economy and its people. I am very grateful for the many contacts throughout our District who generously share with us their insights into business activity, labor markets, and financial conditions. This timely information is collected through our ...
Speech , Paper 105

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