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Discussion Paper
The Great Moderation, Forecast Uncertainty, and the Great Recession
Tambalotti, Andrea; Ng, Ging Cee (2012-05-14)
The Great Recession of 2007-09 was a dramatic macroeconomic event, marked by a severe contraction in economic activity and a significant fall in inflation. These developments surprised many economists, as documented in a recent post on this site. One factor cited for the failure to anticipate the magnitude of the Great Recession was a form of complacency affecting forecasters in the wake of the so-called Great Moderation. In this post, we attempt to quantify the role the Great Moderation played in making the Great Recession appear nearly impossible in the eyes of macroeconomists.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20120514

Working Paper
Small Businesses and Small Business Finance during the Financial Crisis and the Great Recession: New Evidence From the Survey of Consumer Finances
Pogach, Jonathan; Kennickell, Arthur B.; Kwast, Myron L. (2015-02-27)
We use the Federal Reserve's 2007, 2009 re-interview of 2007 respondents, and 2010 Surveys of Consumer Finances (SCFs) to examine the experiences of small businesses owned and actively managed by households during these turbulent years. This is the first paper to use these SCFs to study small businesses even though the surveys contain extensive data on a broad cross-section of firms and their owners. We find that the vast majority of small businesses were severely affected by the financial crisis and the Great Recession, including facing tight credit constraints. We document numerous and ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2015-39

Journal Article
The COVID-19 Fiscal Multiplier: Lessons from the Great Recession
Wilson, Daniel J. (2020-05-26)
The United States enacted a series of fiscal relief and stimulus bills in recent weeks, centered around the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. The current fiscal response shares key similarities to the fiscal stimulus enacted during the Great Recession. Research over the past 10 years on the macroeconomic impact of that stimulus thus has important implications for the current fiscal response. The results point to a large potential impact on GDP.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2020 , Issue 13 , Pages 5

Working Paper
Endogenous Labor Supply in an Estimated New-Keynesian Model: Nominal versus Real Rigidities
Cairó, Isabel; Chung, Hess T.; Ferrante, Francesco; Fuentes-Albero, Cristina; Morales-Jimenez, Camilo; Pfajfar, Damjan (2023-11-03)
The deep deterioration in the labor market during the Great Recession, the subsequent slow recovery, and the missing disinflation are hard to reconcile for standard macroeconomic models. We develop and estimate a New-Keynesian model with financial frictions, search and matching frictions in the labor market, and endogenous intensive and extensive labor supply decisions. We conclude that the estimated combination of the low degree of nominal wage rigidities and high degree of real wage rigidities, together with the small role of pre-match costs relative to post-match costs, are key in ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2023-069

Journal Article
Powering Up: The Surging Demand for Electricity
Çakır Melek, Nida; Gallin, Alex (2024-09-25)
After years of stagnant growth, U.S. electricity demand recently surged. This increase was driven in part bythe commercial sector, particularly the rapid expansion of data centers and the adoption of artificialintelligence. The surge is expected to continue, signaling a shift toward a more electrified economy, withsignificant implications for economic competitiveness and energy infrastructure.
Economic Bulletin

Report
Inflation in the Great Recession and New Keynesian models
Giannoni, Marc; Del Negro, Marco; Schorfheide, Frank (2013)
It has been argued that existing DSGE models cannot properly account for the evolution of key macroeconomic variables during and following the recent great recession. We challenge this argument by showing that a standard DSGE model with financial frictions available prior to the recent crisis successfully predicts a sharp contraction in economic activity along with a modest and protracted decline in inflation following the rise in financial stress in the fourth quarter of 2008. The model does so even though inflation remains very dependent on the evolution of economic activity and of monetary ...
Staff Reports , Paper 618

Working Paper
When Liquidity Matters: Firm Balance Sheets during Large Crises
Ebsim, Mahdi; Faria-e-Castro, Miguel; Kozlowski, Julian (2025-08-14)
We study how aggregate shocks shape the joint dynamics of credit spreads, debt, and liquid asset holdings for nonfinancial firms, focusing on the Great Financial Crisis (GFC) and COVID-19. Both episodes saw sharp credit spread increases and investment declines, but debt and liquidity fell during the GFC and rose during COVID-19. Cross-sectionally, leverage drove spreads and investment in the GFC, while liquidity dominated during COVID-19. We build a macro-finance model of firm capital structure with a liquidity motive for working capital. Calibrated to data, it attributes the GFC to real and ...
Working Papers , Paper 2025-019

Working Paper
Credit and Liquidity Policies during Large Crises
Ebsim, Mahdi; Faria-e-Castro, Miguel; Kozlowski, Julian (2021-09-10)
We study the evolution of firm financials during two large crises: the Great Financial Crisis (GFC) and the COVID-19 pandemic. While the two crises featured similar increases in corporate spreads, corporate debt and liquid asset holdings moved in opposite directions. The micro-data reveal that firm leverage was a more important predictor of firm-level credit spreads and investment during the GFC, but that firm funding liquidity was more important during the pandemic. We augment a dynamic model of firm capital structure with an explicit motive to hold liquid assets, and calibrate it to match ...
Working Papers , Paper 2020-035

Working Paper
The Role of News about TFP in U.S. Recessions and Booms
Faccini, Renato; Melosi, Leonardo (2018-04-15)
We develop a general equilibrium model to study the historical contribution of TFP news to the U.S. business cycle. Hiring frictions provide incentives for firms to start hiring ahead of an anticipated improvement in technology. For plausibly calibrated hiring costs, employment gradually rises in response to positive TFP news shocks even under standard preferences. TFP news shocks are identified mainly by current and expected unemployment rates since periods in which average unemployment is relatively high (low) are also periods in which average TFP growth is slow (fast). We work out the ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-2018-6

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