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Working Paper
A Macroeconomic Model of Central Bank Digital Currency
Paul, Pascal; Ulate, Mauricio; Wu, Jing Cynthia (2025-06-25)
We develop a quantitative New Keynesian DSGE model with monopolistic banks to study the macroeconomic effects of introducing a central bank digital currency (CBDC). Households benefit from an expansion of liquidity services and higher deposit rates as bank deposit market power is curtailed, while bank profitability and lending decline. We assess this trade-off for a wide range of economies that differ in their level of interest rates. We find substantial welfare gains from introducing a CBDC with an optimal rate that can be approximated by a simple rule of thumb: the maximum between 0% and ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2024-11

Speech
A Return to Operating with Abundant Reserves
Logan, Lorie (2020-12-01)
Remarks before the Money Marketeers of New York University (delivered via videoconference).
Speech

Speech
A level playing field for deposit insurance
Logan, Lorie (2024-07-18)
Dallas Fed President Lorie K. Logan delivered these remarks at the Dallas Fed and Atlanta Fed conference, “Exploring Conventional Bank Funding Regimes in an Unconventional World.”
Speeches and Essays

Discussion Paper
Enhancing Monitoring of NBFI Exposure: The Case of Open-End Funds
Cetorelli, Nicola; Sarkar, Debashish (2023-04-18)
Non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) have grown steadily over the last two decades, becoming important providers of financial intermediation services. As NBFIs naturally interact with banking institutions in many markets and provide a wide range of services, banks may develop significant direct exposures stemming from these counterparty relationships. However, banks may be also exposed to NBFIs indirectly, simply by virtue of commonality in asset holdings. This post and its companion piece focus on this indirect form of exposure and propose ways to identify and quantify such ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20230418a

Discussion Paper
Banking the Unbanked: The Past and Future of the Free Checking Account
Berre, Stein; Blickle, Kristian S.; Chakrabarti, Rajashri (2021-06-30)
About one in twenty American households are unbanked (meaning they do not have a demand deposit or checking account) and many more are underbanked (meaning they do not have the range of bank-provided financial services they need). Unbanked and underbanked households are more likely to be lower-income households and households of color. Inadequate access to financial services pushes the unbanked to use high-cost alternatives for their transactional needs and can also hinder access to credit when households need it. That, in turn, can have adverse effects on the financial health, educational ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20210630a

Working Paper
Banking on the Boom, Tripped by the Bust: Banks and the World War I Agricultural Price Shock
Wheelock, David C.; Jaremski, Matthew (2017-11-03)
How do banks respond to asset booms? This paper examines i) how U.S. banks responded to the World War I farmland boom; ii) the impact of regulation; and iii) how bank closures exacerbated the post-war bust. The boom encouraged new bank formation and balance sheet expansion (especially by new banks). Deposit insurance amplified the impact of rising crop prices on bank portfolios, while higher minimum capital requirements dampened the effects. Banks that responded most aggressively to the asset boom had a higher probability of closing in the bust, and counties with more bank closures ...
Working Papers , Paper 2017-36

Report
Does the Community Reinvestment Act Improve Consumers’ Access to Credit
Conway, Jacob; Glaser, Jack; Plosser, Matthew (2023-01-01)
We study the impact of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) on access to consumer credit since 1999 using an individual-level panel and three distinct identification strategies: a regression discontinuity design centered on a CRA-eligibility cutoff; a comparison of neighboring census blocks; and an event study of changes in eligibility. All three rule out a significant effect of the CRA on consumer borrowing. We show that this is in part explained by a shift in mortgages from nonbanks, which are free from CRA obligations, to banks in need of CRA-eligible mortgages. Our findings underscore the ...
Staff Reports , Paper 1048

Report
Bank heterogeneity and capital allocation: evidence from \\"fracking\\" shocks
Plosser, Matthew (2014-10-01)
This paper empirically investigates banks? ability to reallocate capital. I use unconventional energy development to identify unsolicited deposit inflows and then I estimate how banks allocate these deposits over the recent business cycle. To condition on credit demand, I compare banks? allocations within affected areas over time and in the cross section. When conditions deteriorate, liquid asset allocations increase and loan allocations decrease. Banks with fewer funding sources and higher capital ratios reduce loan allocations more than nearby peers. My results suggest that during adverse ...
Staff Reports , Paper 693

Report
Banks' payments-driven revenues
Radecki, Lawrence J. (1999-02-01)
The amount of fee income earned by the banking sector suggests that the significance of payment services has been understated or overlooked. This paper attempts to develop a clearer picture of the importance of payment services to the industry by delineating the payments area broadly and by analyzing data disclosed in bank holding company annual reports on sources of noninterest income. ; We find that payment services bring in from one-third to two-fifths of the combined operating revenue of the twenty-five largest bank holding companies. This contribution to revenue is considerably larger ...
Staff Reports , Paper 62

Discussion Paper
Resolving \\"Too Big to Fail\\"
Cetorelli, Nicola; Traina, James (2018-10-02)
Many market participants believe that large financial institutions enjoy an implicit guarantee that the government will step in to rescue them from potential failure. These ?Too Big to Fail? (TBTF) issues became particularly salient during the 2008 crisis. From the government?s perspective, rescuing these financial institutions can be important to avoid harm to the financial system. The bailouts also artificially lower the risk borne by investors and the financing costs of big banks. The Dodd-Frank Act attempts to remove the incentive for governments to bail out banks in the first place by ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20181002

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