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Working Paper
Reforming the US Long-Term Care Insurance Market
Braun, R. Anton; Kopecky, Karen A. (2024-08-14)
Nursing home risk is significant and costly. Yet, most Americans pay for long-term care (LTC) expenses out-of-pocket. This chapter examines reforms to both public and private LTCI provision using a structural model of the US LTCI market. Three policies are considered: universal public LTCI, no public LTCI coverage, and a policy that exempts asset holdings from the public insurance asset test on a dollar-for-dollar basis with private LTCI coverage. We find that this third reform enhances social welfare and creates a vibrant private LTCI market while preserving the safety net provided by public ...
Working Papers , Paper 24-17

Working Paper
Recourse as Shadow Equity: Evidence from Commercial Real Estate Loans
Glancy, David P.; Kurtzman, Robert J.; Loewenstein, Lara; Nichols, Joseph B. (2021-12-17)
We study the role that recourse plays in the commercial real estate loan contracts of the largest U.S. banks. We find that recourse is valued by lenders and is treated as a substitute for conventional equity. At origination, recourse loans have rate spreads that are at least 20 basis points lower and loan-to-value ratios that are around 3 percentage points higher than non-recourse loans. Dynamically, recourse affects loan modification negotiations by providing additional bargaining power to the lender. Recourse loans were half as likely to receive accommodation during the COVID-19 pandemic, ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2021-079

Newsletter
Privately Placed Debt on Life Insurers’ Balance Sheets: Part 1—A Primer
Meisenzahl, Ralf R.; Polacek, Andy; Fournier, Anne (2024-05)
Life insurers buy long-term assets to match their long-term liabilities and hence are among the largest investors in corporate bonds.1 Over the past decade, insurance companies have shifted their corporate bond investments toward privately placed bonds (private placements). A private placement is an unregistered security that is sold to a limited pool of investors, primarily institutional investors, such as investment banks, pension funds, and insurers. While privately placed bonds accounted for 13% of life insurers’ bond investments in 2004, they accounted for over 20% in 2022 (figure 1).
Chicago Fed Letter , Volume 493 , Pages 9

Journal Article
Consumers and debt protection products: results of a new consumer survey
Elliehausen, Gregory E.; Durkin, Thomas A. (2012-12)
This article presents a number of key findings from a review of the data that mortgage lending institutions reported for 2011 under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA). The article documents home-lending activity reflected in the HMDA data and places the 2011 activity in historical context. It also examines changes in mortgage market concentration in recent years and in the credit scores of recent homebuyers. In addition, the article reviews patterns of lending across different racial or ethnic and income groups and across areas that differ in terms of housing market distress. Finally, it ...
Federal Reserve Bulletin , Volume 98 , Issue Dec

Working Paper
Net Income Measurement, Investor Inattention, and Firm Decisions
Amornsiripanitch, Natee; Huang, Zeqiong; Kwon, David; Lin, Jinjie (2022-02-14)
When investors have limited attention, does the way in which net income is measured matter for firm value and firms’ resource allocation decisions? This paper uses the Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01, which requires public firms to incorporate changes in unrealized gains and losses (UGL) on equity securities into net income, to answer this question. We build a model with risk-averse investors who can be attentive or inattentive and managers who choose how much to invest in financial assets to maximize firms’ stock prices. The model predicts that, with inattentive investors, ...
Working Papers , Paper 22-05

Working Paper
Over-the-Counter Market Liquidity and Securities Lending
Verani, Stéphane; Gissler, Stefan; Foley-Fisher, Nathan (2019-02-19)
This paper studies how over-the-counter market liquidity is affected by securities lending. We combine micro-data on corporate bond market trades with securities lending transactions and individual corporate bond holdings by U.S. insurance companies. Applying a difference-in-differences empirical strategy, we show that the shutdown of AIG's securities lending program in 2008 caused a statistically and economically significant reduction in the market liquidity of corporate bonds predominantly held by AIG. We also show that an important mechanism behind the decrease in corporate bond liquidity ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2019-011

Working Paper
Measuring Interest Rate Risk in the Life Insurance Sector: The U.S. and the U.K.
Rosen, Richard J.; Hartley, Daniel; Paulson, Anna L. (2016-01-03)
We use a two factor model of life insurer stock returns to measure interest rate risk at U.S. and U.K. insurers. Our estimates show that interest rate risk among U.S. life insurers increased as interest rates decreased to historically low levels in recent years. For life insurers in the U.K., in contrast, interest rate risk remained low during this time, roughly unchanged from what it was in the period prior to the financial crisis when long-term interest rates were in their usual historical ranges. We attribute these differences to the heavier use of products that combine guarantees with ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-2016-2

Report
Insurance Companies and the Growth of Corporate Loans' Securitization
Santos, João A. C.; Fringuellotti, Fulvia (2021-08-01)
Insurance companies nonupled their CLO investments in the post-crisis period. This growth has far outpaced that of loans and bonds and is characterized by a strong preference for mezzanine tranches over triple-A tranches. Conditional on capital charges, insurance companies invest more in bonds and CLO tranches with higher yields but prefer the latter because these carry higher yields. Preferences increased following the 2010 regulatory reform, resulting in them holding 44 percent of outstanding investmentgrade rated mezzanine tranches. In the process, insurance companies contributed ...
Staff Reports , Paper 975

Report
Financing Private Credit
Boyarchenko, Nina; Elias, Leonardo (2024-08-01)
Using data on balance sheets of both financial and nonfinancial sectors of the economy, we use a “demand system” approach to study how lender composition and willingness to provide credit affect the relationship between credit expansions and real activity. A key advantage of jointly modeling the demand for and supply of credit is the ability to evaluate equilibrium elasticities of credit quantities with respect to variables of interest. We document that the sectoral composition of lenders financing a credit expansion is a key determinant for subsequent real activity and crisis ...
Staff Reports , Paper 1111

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