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Briefing
The Rise of Buy Now, Pay Later: Bank and Payment Network Perspectives and Regulatory Considerations
Buy now, pay later (BNPL) products offered by fintechs have gained traction among consumers andmerchants in recent years and could compete with credit cards as a payment option. We explore thereactions of banks and payment networks to BNPL products as well as the current regulatory environment.
Briefing
In the Nick of Time: The Rise of Earned Wage Access
Fintech programs that provide employees access to earned wages ahead of payday have gained popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although consumers benefit from greater financial flexibility, such programs may involve risks.
Briefing
Core Banking Systems and Options for Modernization
Each U.S. depository institution (DI)—including banks and credit unions—uses a back-end information technology system to process daily transactions and manage financial accounts. Many of these “core banking systems” are outdated and unable to fully accommodate modern services, such as open banking and instant payments. Modernizing these systems is a complex process, and DIs may consider a full replacement, a component-based replacement, or augmenting their existing system.
Briefing
Market Structure of Core Banking Services Providers
Three core providers dominate the market for core banking systems for depository institutions (DIs). These providers also have a large presence in vertically related markets, such as card network services; payment processing services for DIs, merchants, or governments; and banking-as-a-service. This market structure may make it difficult for DIs to switch their core providers, affecting their ability to offer new services and stay competitive.
Briefing
Data Aggregators: The Connective Tissue for Open Banking
Open banking, which allows third-party financial apps to access consumer financial data electronically andsecurely, relies on data aggregators to establish connections with consumers’ financial institutions and extract consumer data. Data aggregators are critical to enhancing consumer financial services and increasing competition—both among financial service providers and across payment methods. However, their role raises some concerns related to data security, data privacy, and competition.
Briefing
The Appeal and Proliferation of Buy Now, Pay Later: Consumer and Merchant Perspectives
Use of buy now, pay later (BNPL) payment products has been growing in the United States. We explore the benefits and risks of BNPL products for consumers and merchants.
Briefing
The Role of Core Banking Services Providers in Facilitating Instant Payments
Core banking services providers play key roles helping depository institutions (DIs) offer instant payments. Specifically, core providers process transactions in real time and connect DIs to instant payments system operators, upgrade customer-facing solutions, and facilitate open banking and embedded finance. As the United States implements instant payments systems, the market structure surrounding core providers may evolve, and competition between fintechs and DIs for end users may intensify.