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Discussion Paper
2020 Census: A Look at the Fifth District
Phelps, Hailey (2021-12-16)
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Credit Checkup: A Look at the Financing Experiences of Small Businesses in Virginia, Washington, D.C., and North Carolina
Corcoran, Emily Waverling; Tringali, Anthony (2024-08-27)
There are about 6.3 million businesses with employees (or "employer firms") across the United States, and just over half a million of those firms are located in the Richmond Fed's Fifth District, which includes Maryland, the District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and most of West Virginia. Financing can play a critical role in the health of these businesses, and small business credit access is among the community development finance research topics that the Richmond Fed prioritizes to help support economic vitality in communities.
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
The Homework Gap: Digital Access at Home for Students in the Fifth District
Lee, Alaina; Marre, Alexander W. (2020-08-28)
The digital access “homework gap” most severely affects students in poor households and is compounded in rural areas by a lack of broadband internet infrastructure.
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Fifth District State Business Cycles
Scavette, Adam (2023-08-03)
To model national and state business cycles, this post first explores fluctuations of payroll employment around its long-run trend, comparing the correlation of the state-level employment fluctuations to the national series. Second, it explores how a popular rule of thumb recession indicator, the Sahm Recession Rule, performs when applied to state-level data compared to national data during the past four economic downturns. Third, this analysis not only provides us with insight into states' historical relationships with the U.S. business cycle, but it also reveals how they might fare in ...
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Fifth District Businesses Weigh in on Hiring and Wages
Mengedoth, Joseph (2022-12-01)
The Richmond Fed surveys a sample of businesses across our district on a monthly basis in order to gauge regional economic activity. These regional surveys provide timely information to our economists, Bank president, and the public about economic conditions in our district. In addition to standard questions about changes in new orders, hiring, and inventories, we often ask additional questions.
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Observing Recent Trends in Job Postings
Crouse, Jacob; Carpenter, Surekha (2020-06-17)
The number of job postings dropped considerably in the United States and the Fifth District in March and April but showed signs of recovery in May. A look at the data reveals how labor demand has varied by types of jobs amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Are Signs of Labor Market Normalization Reflected in Wage Growth?
Haltom, Nicholas; Waddell, Sonya Ravindranath (2023-07-28)
There have been two salient features of the U.S. economy in the past two years: a tight labor market and high inflation. In the Richmond Fed business surveys, the tight labor market has manifested in a high employment index combined with a low availability of skills index; high inflation has corresponded with extreme elevation in our survey's measures of growth in prices paid and prices received. Recently, all of these survey measures have either reached or made notable progress toward reaching more historically normal levels. It is hard to imagine, however, a rebalanced labor market or ...
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
The Federal Reserve’s COVID-19 Community Impact Survey
Norris, Stephanie; Carpenter, Surekha (2020-07-14)
The Federal Reserve developed and fielded a survey of community-based organizations to better understand the impacts of COVID-19 on their operations and the communities they serve. Fifth District respondents in April and June expressed that while organizations and communities are experiencing significant disruptions, effects are expected to be longer-lasting for the latter.
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Community College Enrollment in Fall 2021 and Cumulative Enrollment Impacts
Ullrich, Laura Dawson (2021-11-12)
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Non-Credit Workforce Programs at Community Colleges
Ullrich, Laura Dawson; Walker, Jacob (2024-02-22)
Community colleges differ from four-year institutions in key ways, including how programs are distributed across credit and non-credit academic divisions. While nearly all enrolled students at four-year institutions are in for-credit programs, community college students are much more likely to be in non-credit programs, which are shorter in term and typically focus on skills and credentials that are tied to specific occupations.A growing number of community college students are enrolled in non-credit programs across the Fifth District, but traditional data sources do not capture information ...
Regional Matters

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