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Working Paper
Some Like It Hot: Assessing Longer-Term Labor Market Benefits from a High-Pressure Economy
Moore, Robert E.; Hotchkiss, Julie L. (2018-06-01)
This paper explores evidence for positive hysteresis in the labor market. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, we find that negative labor market outcomes during high unemployment periods are mitigated by exposure to a high-pressure economy during the preceding expansion. Breaking total exposure into intensity and duration suggests that these two dimensions have differing impacts. However, the benefits of exposure are not enough to overcome the greater negative impact of high unemployment periods on labor market outcomes of disadvantaged groups, making extension of ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2018-1

Labor Force Exits and COVID-19: Who Left, and Are They Coming Back?
Gregory, Victoria; Steinberg, Joel (2021-10-04)
Millions of workers are still unemployed or have dropped out of the labor force. What is the likelihood that these people will return to work in the coming year?
On the Economy

Journal Article
Parental Participation in a Pandemic Labor Market
Seitelman, Lily; Lofton, Olivia; Petrosky-Nadeau, Nicolas (2021-04-05)
Gender gaps in labor market outcomes during the pandemic largely reflect differences in parents’ experiences. Labor force participation fell much less for fathers compared with other men and all women at the onset of the pandemic; the recovery has been more pronounced for men and women without children. Meanwhile, labor force participation among mothers declined with the start of the school year. Evidence suggests flexibility in setting work schedules can offset some of the adverse impact on mothers’ employment, while the ability to work from home does not.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2021 , Issue 10 , Pages 01-05

Journal Article
The Rapidly Growing Home Care Sector and Labor Force Participation
Stepick, Lina; Tran, Brooke (2022-03-23)
The COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the growing need for home care workers, who support their elderly and disabled clients in their homes with activities of daily living, and on the challenges of recruiting and retaining workers in the industry. This brief describes the state of the home care sector and its connection to the economy. It looks at home care as a rapidly growing industry facing significant challenges and at home care’s role in enabling working-aged family members to participate in the labor force,i which supports the Federal Reserve’s maximum employment mandateThere is ...
Community Development Research Brief , Volume 2022 , Issue 2 , Pages 22

Journal Article
Men’s Falling Labor Force Participation across Generations
Bengali, Leila; Duzhak, Evgeniya A.; Zhao, Cindy (2023-10-10)
The labor force participation rate for prime-age men has been declining for decades. About 14% of millennial males at age 25 are not in the labor force, compared with 7% of baby boomer males when they were that age. This generational gap declines substantially as groups approach middle age; the decline reflects that younger millennials enrolled in postsecondary education at higher rates and moved into the workforce later than prior generations. The convergence for millennial males suggests that the trend of men’s higher nonparticipation rates may slow in the future.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2023 , Issue 06 , Pages 6

Journal Article
To Retire or Keep Working after a Pandemic?
Miskanic, Brandon E.; Petrosky-Nadeau, Nicolas; Zhao, Cindy (2024-03-25)
Workers age 55 and older left the labor force in large numbers following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Four years later, participation within this age group has yet to return to pre-pandemic levels, despite the strongest labor market in decades. This has resulted in an estimated shortfall of nearly 2 million workers. Analysis shows that the participation shortfall is concentrated among workers in this age group without a college degree and can be explained by increased and growing retirement rates for this group, above pre-pandemic trends.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2024 , Issue 08 , Pages 5

Single Mothers Face Difficulties with Slim Financial Cushions
Kent, Ana Hernández (2022-05-09)
During the COVID-19 recession, single mothers faced high unemployment and were more likely to exit the labor force than single fathers and women without children.
On the Economy

Journal Article
President's Message: Flexible Work and Women's Participation
Barkin, Tom (2024-08-13)
When COVID-19 hit in 2020, one of the many shocks families faced was the closing of schools and child care centers. In many families, the burden of dealing with such shocks was disproportionately borne by the mom — so this sudden change hit women's labor force participation hard. Commentators labeled it a "she-cession."
Econ Focus , Volume 24 , Issue 3Q , Pages 1

Journal Article
The COVID Retirement Boom
Faria-e-Castro, Miguel (2021-10-15)
As of August 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, slightly more than 3 million people likely retired earlier than they would have otherwise.
Economic Synopses , Issue 25 , Pages 1-2

Journal Article
Asset Returns and Labor Force Participation During COVID-19
Faria-e-Castro, Miguel (2022-01-06)
Why did so many people retire during the pandemic?
Economic Synopses

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