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Keywords:economic activity 

Journal Article
Reforma Energética: Mexico takes first steps to overhaul oil industry

The fiscal health of the Mexican government and the living standards of Mexico?s citizens are inextricably tied to that of Pemex, making declining crude oil production over the past decade a particularly troubling sign for many in Mexico.
Southwest Economy , Issue Q2 , Pages 16-19

Report
President's Message: Reflections on the Pandemic at the One-Year Mark

Efforts intended to contain the pandemic caused a sharp reduction in economic activity. U.S. monetary and fiscal policy responses were significant and effective.
Annual Report

Journal Article
How Strongly Are Local Economies Tied to COVID-19?

The relationship between economic activity and local COVID-19 conditions—infections and deaths—has changed over time. While activity was strongly tied to local virus conditions during the first six to nine months of the pandemic, they decoupled in late 2020 through the first half of 2021. This link strengthened again in the third quarter of 2021, particularly for highly vaccinated counties. One possible interpretation of this restrengthening is that areas with high vaccination rates have heightened virus risk aversion and hence high sensitivity to changes in local virus conditions.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2021 , Issue 30 , Pages 5

How Does the Pandemic Recession Stack Up against the Great Depression?

The 2020 recession may turn out to be the sharpest, but also the shortest, in modern times and perhaps of all time in the U.S.
On the Economy

Journal Article
The Fog of Numbers

In times of economic turbulence, revisions to GDP data can be sizable, which makes conducting economic policy in real time during a crisis more difficult. A simple model based on Okun’s law can help refine the advance data release of real GDP growth to provide an improved reading of economic activity in real time. Applying this to data from the Great Recession explains some of the massive GDP revisions at that time. This could provide a guide for possible revisions to GDP releases during the current coronavirus crisis.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2020 , Issue 20 , Pages 5

Briefing
Understanding Diffusion Indexes: Insights and Applications

Diffusion indexes (DIs) are statistics that offer timely glimpses into the state of the economy.1 Frequently constructed from responses to qualitative surveys, these indexes provide a snapshot of the direction and breadth of change in key economic variables.Typically, these surveys ask participants to report whether a specific variable — such as employment or business conditions — improved, declined or remained unchanged compared to a previous period. The responses are then aggregated to calculate a DI, often expressed as a percentage. A DI above a certain threshold — which varies ...
Richmond Fed Economic Brief , Volume 25 , Issue 5

Journal Article
Economic Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Model with “Acquired Immunity”

We calibrate a macroeconomic model with epidemiological restrictions using Colombian data. The key feature of our model is that a portion of the population is immune and cannot transmit the virus, which improves substantially the fit of the model to the observed contagion and economic activity data. The model implies that during 2020, government restrictions and the endogenous changes in individual behavior saved around 15,000 lives and decreased consumption by about 4.7 percent. The results suggest that most of this effect was the result of government policies.
Review , Volume 104 , Issue 1 , Pages 1-16

Journal Article
From Hiring Difficulties to Labor Hoarding?

Businesses faced challenges finding enough workers to fill job openings early in the pandemic recovery. One view suggests that, as economic growth moderated relative to the strong bounceback in economic activity in the early pandemic recovery period, some businesses started hoarding labor to avoid the potential difficulty of recruiting workers in the future. Evidence from Okun’s law—which theorizes that economic output tends to fall as unemployment rises—is consistent with this view. The results suggest that businesses partly adjusted production by changing the number of hours for ...
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2023 , Issue 32 , Pages 6

Journal Article
The Impact of Weather on Retail Sales

Variation in weather could cause greater disruptions to a range of economic outcomes as severe weather events become more frequent or more extreme. Analyzing daily sales at a national apparel and sporting goods brand’s stores reveals that weather effects on store sales are surprisingly persistent, even after accounting for shoppers simply changing when and where they make their purchases. Moreover, sales at stores that have more experience with adverse weather events have a lower response, suggesting that adaptation may reduce the negative impact of increasingly severe weather on sales.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2022 , Issue 23 , Pages 5

Journal Article
A New “Big Data” Index of U.S. Economic Activity

The authors present a new ?big data? index of U.S. economic activity that can be used to track business and inflation cycles in real time and estimate monthly real gross domestic product growth.
Economic Perspectives , Issue 1 , Pages 1-30

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