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Working Paper
Regulatory incentives and consolidation: the case of commercial bank mergers and the Community Reinvestment Act
Saidenberg, Marc R.; Paulson, Anna L.; Mehran, Hamid; Bostic, Raphael W. (2002)
Bank regulators are required to consider a bank?s record of providing credit to low- and moderate-income neighborhoods and individuals in approving bank applications for mergers and acquisitions. We test the hypothesis that banks strategically prepare for the regulatory and public scrutiny associated with a merger or acquisition by increasing their lending to low-and moderate-income individuals in anticipation of acquiring another institution. We find evidence in favor of this hypothesis. In particular, we show that the higher the percentage of the institution?s mortgage originations in a ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-02-06

Journal Article
What can price theory say about the Community Reinvestment Act?
Walter, John R.; Lacy, Robert L. (2002-04)
Economic Quarterly , Issue Spr , Pages 1-27

Conference Paper
The changing financial world, low-income people and asset building
Bush, Malcolm (2000)
Proceedings , Paper 666

Monograph
The CRA: good goals, flawed concept
White, Lawrence J. (2009)
Monograph

Journal Article
Leveraging opportunities to promote community reinvestment
Hatcher, Desiree (2011-09)
The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) is intended to encourage depository institutions to help meet the credit needs of the communities in which they operate, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operations. The CRA performance impacts banks and the communities they serve. CRA requirements are embedded in the chartering of financial institutions; and CRA performance ratings are considered in the approval, denial, or conditioning of applications for such activities as branching, consolidation, or acquisitions. Therefore, CRA provides a powerful ...
Profitwise , Issue Sep , Pages 7-13

Journal Article
Community development finance: challenges, choices, change
anonymous (2005)
Banking and Community Perspectives , Issue 1

Journal Article
Between a rock and a hard place: the CRA-safety and soundness pinch
Gunther, Jeffery W. (1999-04)
A statistical model of regulatory exam ratings provides evidence of conflict between Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) objectives, on one side, and safety and soundness standards, on the other. In his analysis of supervisory goals, Jeff Gunther finds that concentrating bank assets in loans and managing capital at relatively low levels tend to help CRA ratings while hurting CAMEL ratings. Also, banks with financial problems are more likely to receive substandard CRA ratings, even though a shift in resources away from CRA objectives may be necessary to facilitate financial recovery. These ...
Economic and Financial Policy Review , Issue Q II , Pages 32-41

Conference Paper
Is the Community Reinvestment Act worth it?
Barr, Michael S. (2005)
Despite the depth and breadth of U.S. credit markets, low- and moderate-income communities and minority borrowers have not historically enjoyed full access to credit. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) was enacted in 1977 to help overcome barriers to credit that these groups faced. Scholars have long leveled numerous critiques against CRA as unnecessary, ineffectual, costly, and lawless. Many have argued that CRA should be eliminated. By contrast, I contend that market failures and discrimination justify governmental intervention and that CRA is a reasonable policy response to these ...
Proceedings , Paper 1001

Journal Article
The three-year experience with the community reinvestment act
Bowsher, Norman N. (1982-02)
Review , Volume 64 , Issue Feb , Pages 3-10

Speech
The Community Reinvestment Act and the recent mortgage crisis: a speech at the Confronting Concentrated Poverty Policy Forum, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, D.C., December 3, 2008
Kroszner, Randall S. (2008)
Speech , Paper 436

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