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Keywords:Bank mergers 

Working Paper
Explaining the dramatic changes in performance of U.S. banks: technological change, deregulation, and dynamic changes in competition.

The authors investigate the effects of technological change, deregulation, and dynamic changes in competition on the performance of U.S. banks. The authors' most striking result is that during 1991-1997, cost productivity worsened while profit productivity improved substantially, particularly for banks engaging in mergers. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that banks tried to maximize profits by raising revenues as well as reducing costs. Banks appeared to provide additional or higher quality services that raised costs but also raised revenues by more than the cost increases. The ...
Working Papers , Paper 01-6

Working Paper
The effects of geographic expansion on bank efficiency

We assess the effects of geographic expansion on bank efficiency using cost and profit efficiency for over 7,000 U.S. banks, 1993-1998. We find that parent organizations exercise some control over the efficiency of their affiliates, although this control tends to dissipate with distance to the affiliate. However, on average, distance-related efficiency effects tend to be modest, suggesting that some efficient organizations can overcome any effects of distance. The results imply there may be no particular optimal geographic scope for banking organizations - some may operate efficiently within ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-00-14

Working Paper
Regulatory incentives and consolidation: the case of commercial bank mergers and the Community Reinvestment Act

Bank regulators are required to consider a bank?s record of providing credit to low- and moderate-income neighborhoods and individuals in approving bank applications for mergers and acquisitions. We test the hypothesis that banks strategically prepare for the regulatory and public scrutiny associated with a merger or acquisition by increasing their lending to low-and moderate-income individuals in anticipation of acquiring another institution. We find evidence in favor of this hypothesis. In particular, we show that the higher the percentage of the institution?s mortgage originations in a ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-02-06

Journal Article
Competitive analysis in banking: appraisal of the methodologies

How do we measure in the banking industry? This article provides an overview of the methodology currently used in competitive analysis and highlights an alternative techniques that could be used to complement this methodology. Given the ongoing process of consolidation in U.S. banking, assessing the competitiveness of financial services markets is an important issue for policymakers.
Economic Perspectives , Volume 23 , Issue Q I , Pages 2-15

Working Paper
What's happened at divested bank offices? An empirical analysis of antitrust divestitures in bank mergers

In their competitive analysis of proposed bank mergers, the Federal Reserve Board, Department of Justice, and other agencies accept branch divestitures as an antitrust remedy in local markets where there is substantial overlap between the acquirer and target. The results of this study, which examines the performance of 751 branches that were divested between June 1989 and June 1998 in conjunction with a merger that raised possible competition issues, suggest that the policy of accepting branch divestitures as an antitrust remedy has been successful. Divested branches operate for lengths of ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2002-60

Conference Paper
An empirical examination of the market for corporate control in the banking sector

Proceedings , Paper 377

Working Paper
How much did banks pay to become too-big-to-fail and to become systemically important?

This paper estimates the value of the too-big-to-fail (TBTF) subsidy. Using data from the merger boom of 1991-2004, the authors find that banking organizations were willing to pay an added premium for mergers that would put them over the asset sizes that are commonly viewed as the thresholds for being TBTF. They estimate at least $14 billion in added premiums for the eight merger deals that brought the organizations to over $100 billion in assets. In addition, the authors find that both the stock and bond markets reacted positively to these deals. Their estimated TBTF subsidy is large enough ...
Working Papers , Paper 09-34

Journal Article
Banking antitrust: are the assumptions still valid?

In bank antitrust analyses, banking regulators rely on certain assumptions about products and services of banks, the markets in which they operate, competitors within those markets, and the effects of mergers or acquisitions on those markets. During the 1990s, financial innovation and changes in banking regulations changed the landscape in which banks compete. Consequently, the assumptions behind antitrust analyses have come into question. This article surveys recent studies relevant for assessing the validity of the assumptions that underlie banking antitrust. Most of the evidence supports ...
Review , Volume 85 , Issue Nov , Pages 29-52

Report
The proximate causes for the emergence of excess capacity in the U.S. banking system

Research Paper , Paper 9311

Working Paper
Divestiture as an antitrust remedy in bank mergers

The purpose of this study is to determine whether, from a public policy standpoint, divestitures constitute an effective antitrust remedy in bank merger cases. A number of findings emerge from the study: Divested branches have a remarkable survival record; structural changes effected by divestitures tend to persist over time; larger buyers of divested branches tended to be more successful than smaller buyers; divestiture of the target institutions' branches rather than those of applicants proved preferable from an antitrust standpoint; and divested branches selected by the Department of ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 1998-14

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