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Working Paper
A Comment on 'Wealth Inequality and Endogenous Growth' by Byoungchan Lee
Gu, Shijun; Jia, Chengcheng (2022-10-17)
How does wealth inequality affect economic growth? Byoungchan Lee answers this question by developing a heterogeneous-agent model and augmenting it with endogenous firm innovation. The novel channel is that rising wealth concentration reduces aggregate demand, which gives firms a disincentive to spend on R&D and therefore leads to slower productivity growth. In this discussion, we first explain the difference in calibration strategy between Lee’s approach and the common approach in the literature, and then discuss its quantitative implications for the effect of rising inequality on ...
Working Papers , Paper 22-26

Working Paper
Why Are the Wealthiest So Wealthy? New Longitudinal Empirical Evidence and Implications for Theories of Wealth Inequality
Ozkan, Serdar; Hubmer, Joachim; Salgado, Sergio; Halvorsen, Elin (2024-06-08)
CORRECT ORDER OF AUTHORS: Hubmer, Halvorsen, Salgado, Ozkan. We use 1993--2015 Norwegian administrative panel data on wealth and income to study lifecycle wealth dynamics. By employing a novel budget constraint approach, we show that at age 50 the excess wealth of the top 0.1%, relative to mid-wealth households, is accounted for by higher saving rates (38%), inheritances (34%), returns (23%), and labor income (5%). One-fourth of the wealthiest---the "New Money"---start with negative wealth but experience rapid wealth growth early in life. Relative to the "Old Money," the New Money are ...
Working Papers , Paper 2024-013

Working Paper
Wealth of Two Nations: The U.S. Racial Wealth Gap, 1860-2020
Derenoncourt, Ellora; Kim, Chi Hyun; Kuhn, Moritz; Schularick, Moritz (2022-06-10)
The racial wealth gap is the largest of the economic disparities between Black and white Americans, with a white-to-Black per capita wealth ratio of 6 to 1. It is also among the most persistent. In this paper, we construct the first continuous series on white-to-Black per capita wealth ratios from 1860 to 2020, drawing on historical census data, early state tax records, and historical waves of the Survey of Consumer Finances, among other sources. Incorporating these data into a parsimonious model of wealth accumulation for each racial group, we document the role played by initial conditions, ...
Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute Working Papers , Paper 059

Report
Macroeconomics and Household Heterogeneity
Mitman, Kurt; Perri, Fabrizio; Krueger, Dirk (2016-06-01)
The goal of this chapter is to study how, and by how much, household income, wealth, and preference heterogeneity amplify and propagate a macroeconomic shock. We focus on the U.S. Great Recession of 2007-2009 and proceed in two steps. First, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we document the patterns of household income, consumption and wealth inequality before and during the Great Recession. We then investigate how households in different segments of the wealth distribution were affected by income declines, and how they changed their expenditures differentially during the ...
Staff Report , Paper 529

How Does Human Capital Affect Wealth Inequality?
Chiang, Yu-Ting; LaBelle, Jesse (2022-06-06)
Accounting for human capital can change the distribution of wealth and some common measures of wealth inequality.
On the Economy

Working Paper
Accounting for Wealth Concentration in the United States
Kaymak, Barış; Leung, David; Poschke, Markus (2022-10-20)
We assess the empirical relevance of different macroeconomic modeling approaches to wealth concentration, using the joint distribution of earnings, capital income and net worth in combination with an OLG model of household heterogeneity. We find large earnings disparities to be the primary source of US wealth concentration. This reflects the fact that labor income, from salaries but also from entrepreneurship, is a major income source for top income and wealth groups in the data. Bequests and differences in rates of return on capital together explain about half the holdings of the wealthiest ...
Working Papers , Paper 22-28

Working Paper
Wealth Inequality and Return Heterogeneity During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kartashova, Katya; Zhou, Xiaoqing (2021-11-10)
Wealth inequality in the U.S., measured by the top 1% wealth share, experienced dramatic changes in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic theory suggests that the key to understanding wealth inequality is heterogeneity in the return to net worth across households. To understand the dynamics of wealth inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic, we develop a novel methodology that allows us to estimate the returns to net worth for different groups of households at relatively high frequency. We show that portfolio heterogeneity and asset price movements are the main determinants of ...
Working Papers , Paper 2114

Working Paper
Wealth Distribution and Retirement Preparation among Early Savers
Thompson, Jeffrey P.; Moore, Kevin B.; Jacobs, Lindsay; Llanes, Elizabeth; Volz, Alice Henriques (2020-02-01)
This paper develops a new combined-wealth measure by augmenting data on net worth from the Survey of Consumer Finances with estimates of defined benefit (DB) pension and expected Social Security wealth. We use this concept to explore retirement preparation among two groups of households in pre-retirement years (aged 40 through 49 and 50 through 59), and to explore the concentration of wealth. We find evidence of moderate, but rising, shortfalls in retirement preparation. We also show that including DB pension and Social Security wealth results in markedly lower measures of wealth ...
Working Papers , Paper 20-4

Report
On the Distribution of the Welfare Losses of Large Recessions
Mitman, Kurt; Perri, Fabrizio; Krueger, Dirk (2016-07-18)
How big are the welfare losses from severe economic downturns, such as the U.S. Great Recession? How are those losses distributed across the population? In this paper we answer these questions using a canonical business cycle model featuring household income and wealth heterogeneity that matches micro data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). We document how these losses are distributed across households and how they are affected by social insurance policies. We find that the welfare cost of losing one?s job in a severe recession ranges from 2% of lifetime consumption for the ...
Staff Report , Paper 532

Working Paper
Uninsured risk, stagnation, and fiscal policy
Nakajima, Tomoyuki; Braun, R. Anton (2016-02-01)
Japan is in the midst of a protracted spell of depressed economic activity. Japan's economic stagnation has occurred against a background of rising earnings risk. Occupational stability is falling as routine occupations disappear and implicit lifetime employment guarantees are gradually disappearing. At the same time, earnings in some high-skilled occupations have continued to grow. The resulting polarization in earnings has also been accompanied by an increase in wealth inequality. We develop a framework that relates these observations. In our model, an increase in uninsured earnings risk ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2016-4

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