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Journal Article
The Shifting Expectations for Work from Home
Brown, Jason; Tousey, Colton (2023-02-23)
As COVID-19 moves to an endemic state, employers have brought workers back to the office. Many workers prefer to continue working from home a portion of time, resulting in a gap between employee preferences for work from home and employer plans. Knowing who currently works from home a larger share of time and where this gap is narrowest across worker characteristics and locations helps explain where and for whom work from home is most likely to remain a permanent feature in the labor market.Using a relatively new data source, the Survey of Working Arrangements and Attitudes, Jason P. Brown ...
Economic Review , Volume vol.108 , Issue no.2 , Pages 22

Report
Working Remotely? Selection, Treatment, and the Market for Remote Work
Emanuel, Natalia; Harrington, Emma (2023-05-01)
How does remote work affect productivity and how productive are workers who choose remote jobs? We estimate both effects in a U.S. Fortune 500 firm’s call centers that employed both remote and on-site workers in the same jobs. Prior to COVID-19, remote workers answered 12 percent fewer calls per hour than on-site workers. When the call centers closed due to COVID-19, the productivity of formerly on-site workers declined by 4 percent relative to already-remote workers, indicating that a third of the initial gap was due to a negative treatment effect of remote work. Yet an 8 percent ...
Staff Reports , Paper 1061

Working Paper
Housing Demand and Remote Work
Mondragon, John; Wieland, Johannes F. (2022-05-26)
What explains record U.S. house price growth since late 2019? We show that the shift to remote work explains over one half of the 23.8 percent national house price increase over this period. Using variation in remote work exposure across U.S. metropolitan areas we estimate that an additional percentage point of remote work causes a 0.93 percent increase in house prices after controlling for negative spillovers from migration. This cross-sectional estimate combined with the aggregate shift to remote work implies that remote work raised aggregate U.S. house prices by 15.1 percent. Using a model ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2022-11

Journal Article
The Future of U.S. Productivity: Cautious Optimism amid Uncertainty
Çakır Melek, Nida; Gallin, Alex (2024-12-04)
Recent productivity growth likely reflects both cyclical and structural factors, including remote work and AI.
Economic Review

Working Paper
Measuring Trends in Work From Home: Evidence from Six U.S. Datasets
Caplan, Aidan; Bick, Alexander; Caplan, Tristan; Blandin, Adam (2024-12-12)
This paper documents the prevalence of work from home (WFH) in six U.S. data sets. These surveys measure WFH using different questions, reference periods, samples, and survey collection methods. Once we construct samples and WFH measures that are comparable across surveys, all surveys broadly agree about the trajectory of aggregate WFH since the Covid-19 outbreak. The most important source of disagreement in the level of WFH across surveys is in WFH by self-employed workers; by contrast, surveys closely agree on rates of WFH among employees. All surveys agree that in 2024 WFH remains ...
Working Papers , Paper 2024-023

Remote Work Buoyed Employment for Those Vulnerable to Severe COVID-19
Michaud, Amanda M. (2022-03-22)
In 2020, workers at risk for severe COVID-19 illness didn’t experience a sharper drop in labor participation than nonvulnerable workers.
On the Economy

Working Paper
Work from Home Before and After the COVID-19 Outbreak
Bick, Alexander; Blandin, Adam; Mertens, Karel (2022-02-17)
Based on novel survey data, we document a persistent rise in work from home (WFH) over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using theory and direct survey evidence,we argue that three quarters of this increase reflects adoption of new work arrangements that will likely be permanent for many workers. A quantitative model matched to surveydata predicts that twice as many workers will WFH full-time post-pandemic compared to pre-pandemic, and that one in every five instead of seven workdays will be WFH. These model predictions are consistent with survey evidence on workers' own expectations about ...
Working Papers , Paper 2022-008

Discussion Paper
Businesses Want Remote Work, Just Not as Much
Abel, Jaison R.; Deitz, Richard; Garcia, Dan; Hyman, Benjamin (2023-08-23)
The enormous increase in remote work that occurred during the pandemic was a response to a temporary public health crisis. Now that the pandemic has passed, just how much remote work will persist and how much are businesses comfortable with? Results from our August regional business surveys indicate that more than 20 percent of all service work and 4 percent of all manufacturing work is currently being done remotely, nearly identical to what was reported a year ago, and this amount of remote work is expected to persist in the year ahead. However, on average, service sector businesses would ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20230823

Discussion Paper
Remotely Interesting? Sensing Tools Shed Light on On-Site Expectations in the Fifth District
Corcoran, Emily Waverling (2024-03-26)
The Richmond Fed uses a set of tools to continually gather information on economic activity across our Fifth District. These sensing tools include our industry roundtable conversations with business and community leaders and our monthly business surveys. In addition to collecting regular data on indicators such as wage growth and price changes, we are also keeping a pulse on timely topics that play into firm decision-making. One key pattern we've monitored is the intensity of remote work and return-to-office decisions, as businesses and workers have navigated pandemic-era uncertainty and a ...
Regional Matters

Journal Article
Paid to Relocate
Wells, Matthew (2022-07)
Maggie Blume first learned about Ascend West Virginia on Instagram, where she saw a list of cities and states around the country promising money and other benefits to attract workers. A small business marketing executive from Chicago and a remote worker herself, Blume had already been considering applying for some of the other programs on the list. She says, however, "I really was waiting for something that caught my eye." Drawn by the outdoors and her fond memories of visiting West Virginia as a child, Blume applied for Ascend's second cohort, which would be centered in rural Lewisburg ...
Econ Focus , Volume 22 , Issue 3Q , Pages 8-11

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