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Working Paper
An empirical look at software patents

U.S. legal changes have made it easier to obtain patents on inventions that use software. Software patents have grown rapidly and now comprise 15 percent of all patents. They are acquired primarily by large manufacturing firms in industries known for strategic patenting; only 5 percent belong to software publishers. The very large increase in software patent propensity over time is not adequately explained by changes in R&D investments, employment of computer programmers, or productivity growth. The residual increase in patent propensity is consistent with a sizeable rise in the cost ...
Working Papers , Paper 03-17

Journal Article
The Rise of Asia as a Destination for U.S. Patenting

China has become one of the main destinations where U.S. inventors seek to protect their intellectual property.
Economic Synopses , Issue 27 , Pages 1-2

The Rise of Cross-Border Patenting: Trends and Implications

Excluding China, foreign patent applications have narrowed the gap with domestic patent applications, suggesting a global trend toward cross-border patenting.
On the Economy

From Partner to Rival: Understanding China’s Technological Rise through Patent Data

A new measure of patent similarity shows China shifting its international patents toward technology-intensive industries traditionally dominated by developed nations.
On the Economy

Journal Article
Innovation: Is the Eighth District catching up with the nation?

The degree of innovation in the Eighth District has lagged the rest of the nation over the past two decades. In one area, however, the District is beginning to catch up.
The Regional Economist , Issue Apr , Pages 12-13

Working Paper
The Impact of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on U.S. Multinationals’ Intangible Assets

This paper investigates the impact of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) on U.S. multinationals’ intangibles. We develop a theoretical model that incorporates key provisions of the TCJA—the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) and the Foreign-Derived Intangible Income (FDII)—and derive testable implications for changes in licensing and patent transfer patterns. Using data on international royalty flows and patent assignments, we test the model’s predictions. Our findings suggest that the TCJA may have impacted profit shifting strategies through intangibles, aligning with our ...
Working Papers , Paper 2024-020

Newsletter
Patents: protecting inventors and the public good

Patent rights are becoming increasingly controversial in areas such as pharmaceuticals and genetics. Should the public good come before the private gain of new product inventors or developers? The May 2010 Newsletter tackles this issue.
Liber8 Economic Information Newsletter , Issue May

Journal Article
Patent reform: a mixed blessing for the U.S. economy?

The 1980s represented a period of dramatic change in the design and enforcement of U.S. intellectual property law. Many of these changes were adopted in the hopes of stimulating private research and development and improving the technological competitiveness of American industries. This article examines the effects of an especially important aspect of these changes: many more inventions qualify for patent protection than before. While it seems logical that making patents easier to obtain will encourage more inventive activity, economic analysis reveals this is not always true, and it is less ...
Business Review , Issue Nov , Pages 15-29

Working Paper
Patentability, industry structure, and innovation.

To qualify for a patent, an invention must be new, useful, and nonobvious. This paper presents a model of sequential innovation in which industry structure is endogenous and a standard of patentability determines the proportion of all inventions that qualify for protection. There is a unique patentability standard, or inventive step, that maximizes the rate of innovation by maximizing the number of firms engaged in R&D. Surprisingly, this standard is more stringent for industries disposed to innovate rapidly. If a single standard is applied to heterogeneous industries, it will encourage ...
Working Papers , Paper 01-13

Working Paper
Patent licensing revisited: heterogeneous firms and product differentiation

In this paper we study the optimal licensing agreement between a patentholder of a cost-reducing innovation and firms that have heterogeneous uses for the new technology. We consider the case in which these firms are competitors in a downstream market. We extend the competition environment among the licensees beyond the Cournot/Bertrand models considered by the previous literature to a framework with differentiated products. We also assume that potential licensees have private information about the usefulness of the new technology. We characterize two purposes the optimal licensing contract ...
Working Papers , Paper 2002-031

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