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Keywords:merchant steering 

Working Paper
Payment discounts and surcharges: the role of consumer preferences

We use new data from the 2015 Diary of Consumer Payment Choice to analyze price discounts and surcharges based on the payment method used for transactions. We examine consumer preferences for specific payment instruments and test whether consumer demand for payment instruments is price elastic. Specifically, we test whether consumers are likely to deviate from their preferred methods in order to get a discount or to avoid a surcharge. We find that the occurrence of price incentives is low, but consumers who preferred other payment methods had an 11.7 percent probability of switching to cash ...
Working Papers , Paper 17-4

Working Paper
Merchant steering of consumer payment choice: evidence from a 2012 Diary survey

This paper seeks to discover whether U.S. merchants are using their recently granted freedom to offer price discounts and other incentives to steer customers to pay with methods that are less costly to merchants. Using evidence of merchant steering based on the 2012 Diary of Consumer Payment Choice, we find that only a very small fraction of transactions received a cash or debit card discount, and even fewer were subjected to a credit card surcharge. Transactions at gasoline stations were more likely to receive either cash discounts or credit card surcharges than transactions in other ...
Working Papers , Paper 14-1

Working Paper
Merchant Steering of Consumer Payment Choice

This paper investigates the degree to which merchants influence consumers’ choice of how they pay for transactions. Using data from the Survey and Diary of Consumer Payments Choice, we examine consumers’ adherence to their preferred payment method when making in-person transactions. We also investigate whether merchants are able to steer consumers away from their preferred payment method. We characterize preferences for paying with cash or cards according to consumers’ income, level of education, and employment status. We find that consumers make most payments with their preferred ...
Working Papers , Paper 26-2

Working Paper
Merchant Steering of Consumer Payment Choice

This paper investigates the degree to which merchants influence consumers' choice of how they pay for transactions. Using data from the Survey and Diary of Consumer Payments Choice, we examine consumers' adherence to their preferred payment method when making in-person transactions. We also investigate whether merchants are able to steer consumers away from their preferred payment method. We characterize preferences for paying with cash or cards according to consumers' income, level of education, and employment status. We find that consumers make most payments with their preferred method. ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2026-2

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