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Report
Federal Reserve liquidity provision during the financial crisis of 2007-2009
Fleming, Michael J. (2012)
This paper examines the Federal Reserve's unprecedented liquidity provision during the financial crisis of 2007-2009. It first reviews how the Fed provides liquidity in normal times. It then explains how the Fed's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity. The paper then assesses the growing empirical literature on the ...
Staff Reports , Paper 563

Conference Paper
Empirical evidence on the need for a lender of last resort
Furfine, Craig H. (2000)
Proceedings , Paper 674

Working Paper
The Federal Home Loan Bank System: the lender of next-to-last resort?
Bech, Morten L.; Ashcraft, Adam B.; Frame, W. Scott (2009)
The Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) System is a large, complex, and understudied government-sponsored liquidity facility that currently has more than $1 trillion in secured loans outstanding, mostly to commercial banks and thrifts. This paper first documents the significant role played by the FHLB System at the outset of the ongoing financial crisis and then provides evidence about the uses of these funds by their bank and thrift members. We then identify the trade-offs faced by FHLB member-borrowers when choosing between accessing the FHLB System or the Federal Reserve's discount window during ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2009-04

Working Paper
Close but not a central bank: The New York Clearing House and issues of clearing house loan certificates
Tallman, Ellis W.; Moen, Jon R. (2013)
The paper examines the New York Clearing House (NYCH) as a lender of last resort by looking at clearing-house-loan-certificate borrowing during five banking panics of the National Banking Era (1863?1913). In that system, adequate aggregate liquidity provision was passive and dependent upon member bank borrowing. We document bank borrowing behavior using bank-level data for clearing-house loan certifi cates issued to NYCH member banks. The historical record reveals that the large New York City banks behaved in ways that resembled those of a central bank in 1884 and in 1890, but less so in the ...
Working Papers (Old Series) , Paper 1308

Journal Article
Limited commitment and central bank lending
Goodfriend, Marvin; Lacker, Jeffrey M. (1999-10)
Economic Quarterly , Issue Fall , Pages 1-27

Journal Article
The lender of last resort : alternative views and historical experience
Bordo, Michael D. (1990-01)
Four views on the proper role of the lender of last resort are defined. Historical evidence is given on the causes of banking panics in the U.S. and other countries and the roles lenders of last resort played in resolving them.
Economic Review , Volume 76 , Issue Jan , Pages 18-29

Working Paper
Reconciling Bagehot with the Fed's response to Sept. 11
Martin, Antoine (2002)
Bagehot (1873) states that in order to prevent bank panics a central bank should provide liquidity to the market at a "very high rate of interest". This seems to be in sharp contrast with the policy adopted by the Federal Reserve after September 11 when, for a few days, the Federal Funds Rate was very close to zero. This paper shows that Bagehot's recommendation can be reconciled with the Fed's policy if one recognizes that Bagehot has in mind a commodity money regime so that the amount of reserves available is limited. A high price for this liquidity allows banks that need it most to ...
Research Working Paper , Paper RWP 02-10

Journal Article
Lender of last resort: the concept in history
Humphrey, Thomas M. (1989-03)
Henry Thornton (1760-1815) and Walter Bagehot (1826-1877) laid down a set of rules for stopping banking panics and crises. Known collectively as the classical theory of the lender of last resort, those rule stressed (1) protecting the aggregate money stock, not individual institutions, (2) letting insolvent institutions fail, (3) accommodating sound but temporarily illiquid institutions only, (4) charging penalty rates, (5) requiring good collateral, and (6) preannouncing these conditions in advance of crises so as to remove uncertainty. These precepts continue to inform central bank policy ...
Economic Review , Volume 75 , Issue Mar , Pages 8-16

Discussion Paper
Crisis Chronicles: The Panic of 1825 and the Most Fantastic Financial Swindle of All Time
Narron, James; Morgan, Donald P. (2015-04-10)
Centered in London, the banking panic of 1825 has been called the first modern financial crisis, the first Latin American crisis, and the first emerging market crisis. And while the panic displayed many of the key elements of past crises we have covered?fluctuations in money growth, an investment bubble, a stock market crash, and bank runs?this crisis had its own twists, including a Bank of England that hesitated before stepping in as lender of last resort. But it is perhaps best known for an infamous bond market swindle surrounding an entirely made-up Central American principality. In this ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20150410

Working Paper
How New Fed Corporate Bond Programs Dampened the Financial Accelerator in the COVID-19 Recession
Bordo, Michael D.; Duca, John V. (2020-11-19)
In the financial crisis and recession induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, many investment-grade firms became unable to borrow from securities markets. In response, the Fed not only reopened its commercial paper funding facility but also announced it would purchase newly issued and seasoned bonds of corporations rated as investment grade before the COVID pandemic. A careful splicing of different unemployment rate series enables us to assess the effectiveness of recent Fed interventions in these long-term debt markets over long sample periods, spanning the Great Depression, Great Recession and ...
Working Papers , Paper 2029

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