Discussion Paper
A Penny for Your Thoughts? How Survey Comments Help Us Understand Our Region’s Labor Market
Kosakow, Jason; Haltom, Nicholas; Waddell, Sonya Ravindranath (2023-10-19)
We regularly report the quantitative results from the Richmond Fed business surveys, but participants' comments also provide useful context for changes in local business conditions. Most recently, a survey of human resources professionals complemented our surveys of area businesses. The comments from both surveys have provided insight into the region's labor market, as well as indicated that the persistent challenge of finding workers has led executives and recruiters to intensify their efforts and expand the tools they use to attract workers.
Regional Matters

Report
Missed Connections in Cleveland: The Disconnect Between Job Access and Employment
Fee, Kyle (2021-08-11)
The job access rate refers to the share of jobs in a region that can be reached within a typical commute distance or time. Job access rates in Northeast Ohio have declined continuously since 2000, as employment opportunities and the population have spread farther out (Kneebone and Holmes, 2015; Pacetti, Murray, and Hartman, 2016; Fee, 2020). Declining access to jobs has made it increasingly difficult for workers to reach their workplaces via public transportation, disproportionately impacting Black and economically distressed residents (Barkley and Pereira, 2015; Brown and McShepard, 2016).
Community Development Publications , Paper 20210811

Speech
Apprenticeships: Nobility and Necessity
Harker, Patrick T. (2017-07-11)
Apprenticeships date back to ancient times, but they remain relevant in today?s economy, Philadelphia Fed President Patrick Harker told the audience at the Bank?s Apprenticeship Conference on July 11. Apprenticeships help workers acquire the skills now in demand, he said
Speech , Paper 140

Speech
The Economic Recovery: Are We There Yet?
Williams, John C. (2021-05-03)
Remarks at Women in Housing and Finance 2021 Annual Symposium (delivered via videoconference).
Speech

Speech
The Singularity of the Dual Mandate
Daly, Mary C. (2022-09-29)
Presentation at Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, September 29, 2022, by Mary C. Daly, President and Chief Executive Officer, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
Speech

Journal Article
Did the Great Recession Increase Skill Requirements?
Dutta, Caitlin (2018-07)
Research Spotlight on "Do Recessions Accelerate Routine-Biased Technological Change? Evidence from Vacancy Postings." Brad Hershbein and Lisa B. Kahn. American Economic Review, July 2018, vol. 108, no. 7, pp. 1737-1772.
Econ Focus , Issue 3Q , Pages 7-7

Speech
What kind of jobs have been created during the recovery?
Dudley, William (2014-05-21)
Remarks at the Regional Economic Press Briefing, New York City.
Speech , Paper 137

Journal Article
The Singularity of the Dual Mandate
Daly, Mary C. (2022-10-03)
Economic security depends on both jobs and stable prices. Together, these two congressionally mandated goals constitute the Fed’s dual mandate. This mandate is not a choice between two desirable things. It is a balance meant to deliver on a singular goal—a sustainable and expanding economy that works for everyone.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2022 , Issue 27 , Pages 8

Journal Article
Post-Pandemic Activity Rebounds, but Many Remain Outside the Labor Force
Jefferson, Nathan (2021-07-14)
Jobs are returning, but the pandemic has accelerated longtime trends by knocking millions of people out of the labor force.
Economic Synopses , Issue 18 , Pages 1-2

Who Holds a Green Card?
Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu; Bharadwaj, Asha (2020-07-02)
Understanding the characteristics of U.S. permanent residents can provide insight into the future workforce.
On the Economy