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Discussion Paper
The Homework Gap: Digital Access at Home for Students in the Fifth District
Lee, Alaina; Marre, Alexander W. (2020-08-28)
The digital access “homework gap” most severely affects students in poor households and is compounded in rural areas by a lack of broadband internet infrastructure.
Regional Matters

Speech
The U.S. economic outlook and the implications for monetary policy
Dudley, William (2016-07-31)
Remarks at Bank Indonesia–Federal Reserve Bank of New York Joint International Seminar, Bali Indonesia.
Speech

Journal Article
How worrisome is a negative saving rate?
Steindel, Charles (2007-05)
The U.S. personal saving rate's negative turn in 2005 has raised concerns that Americans may have to curtail their spending and accept a lower standard of living as they pay off rising debts. However, a closer look at saving trends suggests that the risks to household well-being are overstated. The surge in energy costs may have temporarily dampened saving, while the accounting of household income from stock holdings may be skewing saving estimates. Moreover, broad measures of saving have remained positive, and household wealth is on the rise.>
Current Issues in Economics and Finance , Volume 13 , Issue May

Working Paper
Tax riots
Phelan, Christopher; Bassetto, Marco (2006)
This paper considers an optimal taxation environment where household income is private information, and the government randomly audits and punishes households found to be underreporting. We prove that the optimal mechanism derived using standard mechanism design techniques has a bad equilibrium (a tax riot) where households underreport their incomes, precisely because other households are expected to do so as well. We then consider three alternative approaches to designing a tax scheme when one is worried about bad equilibria.
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-06-04

Speech
A Different Kind of Recession
Williams, John C. (2020-06-30)
Remarks at the Institute of International Finance: Central Banking in the Age of COVID-19 Summit (delivered via videoconference).
Speech

Journal Article
Wealth inequality among the Forbes 400 and U.S. households overall
Nagayama, Fuyuo (2013-07)
While widening income inequality in the United States has garnered much public and academic attention in recent years, wealth inequality reveals an even starker picture. For instance, in 2010, the top 1 percent of income earners received 19.8 percent of total household income. In the same year, the wealthiest 1 percent held 35.4 percent of total household wealth (Kaplan 2013). Moreover, wealth inequality has increased in recent decades, with most gains concentrated among the richest 20 percent of households (Wolff 2013).
Research Rap Special Report , Issue Jul

Discussion Paper
(Unmet) Credit Demand of American Households
Livingston, Max; Van der Klaauw, Wilbert; Zafar, Basit (2013-11-06)
One of the direct effects of the 2008 financial crisis on U.S. households was a sharp tightening of credit. Households that had previously been able to borrow relatively freely through credit cards, home equity loans, or personal loans suddenly found those lines closed off—just when they needed them the most. In recent months, aggregate statistics such as the Federal Reserve’s Consumer Credit series and the Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey have shown a gradual improvement in consumer credit. The former series is an indicator of interaction of credit supply and demand, while the latter ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20131106

Journal Article
Do Households Expect Inflation When Commodities Surge?
Glick, Reuven; Kouchekinia, Noah; Liu, Zheng; Leduc, Sylvain (2021-07-12)
Household surveys indicate that consumers expect higher inflation this year than in recent years, as the U.S. economy rebounds from the deep recession. This has coincided with a surge in commodity prices, as strong demand for goods like gas, food, and construction materials is catching producers with low supplies. Evidence suggests that households respond to commodity price increases by raising their expectations of future inflation. However, since surges in commodity prices are transitory, their effects on inflation expectations—particularly long-term expectations—are modest and ...
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2021 , Issue 19 , Pages 06

Discussion Paper
Which Households Have Negative Wealth?
Armantier, Olivier; De Giorgi, Giacomo; Armona, Luis; Van der Klaauw, Wilbert (2016-08-01)
At some point in its life a household’s total debt may exceed its total assets, in which case it has “negative wealth.” Even if this status is temporary, it may affect the household’s ability to save for durable goods, restrict access to further credit, and may require living in a state of limited consumption. Detailed analysis of the holdings of negative-wealth households, however, is a topic that has received little attention. In particular, relatively little is known about the characteristics of such households or about what drives negative wealth. A better understanding of these ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20160801

Journal Article
Consumer debt and the economic recovery
Krainer, John (2012)
A key ingredient of an economic recovery is a pickup in household spending supported by increased consumer debt. As the current economic recovery has struggled to take hold, household debt levels have grown little. Some evidence indicates that households adjusted debt in line with house price movements in their local markets. However, the data show that consumer debt cutbacks were largest among households that defaulted on mortgages or had lower credit scores, suggesting that household borrowing also was restricted by tight aggregate credit supply.
FRBSF Economic Letter

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