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Working Paper
Achievement Gap Estimates and Deviations from Cardinal Comparability
Nielsen, Eric R. (2015-05-12)
This paper assesses the sensitivity of standard empirical methods for measuring group differences in achievement to violations in the cardinal comparability of achievement test scores. The paper defines a distance measure over possible weighting functions (scalings) of test scores. It then constructs worst-case bounds for the bias in the estimated achievement gap (or achievement gap change) that could result from using the observed rather than the true test scale, given that the true and observed scales are no more than a fixed distance from each other. The worst-case weighting functions have ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2015-40

Journal Article
Medical Spending, Bequests, and Asset Dynamics around the Time of Death
De Nardi, Mariacristina; Jones, John Bailey; Rodgers, Rachel; French, Eric; McGee, Rory (2020)
Using data from the Health and Retirement Survey, we document the changes in assets that occur before a person's death. Applying an event study approach, we find that during the six years preceding their deaths, the assets of single decedents decline, relative to those of similar single survivors, by an additional $20,000 on average. Over the same time span, the assets of couples who lose a spouse fall, relative to those of similar surviving couples, by an additional $90,000 on average. Households experiencing a death also incur higher out-of-pocket medical spending and other end-of-life ...
Econ Focus , Volume 4Q , Pages 135-157

Working Paper
Health, Health Insurance, and Retirement: A Survey
Jones, John Bailey; French, Eric (2017-02-17)
The degree to which retirement decisions are driven by health is a key concern for both academics and policymakers. In this paper we survey the economic literature on the health-retirement link in developed countries. We describe the mechanisms through which health affects labor supply and discuss how they interact with public pensions and public health insurance. The historical evidence suggests that health is not the primary source of variation in retirement across countries and over time. Furthermore, declining health with age can only explain a small share of the decline in employment ...
Working Paper , Paper 17-3

Journal Article
The effects of health and wealth shocks on retirement decisions
Conley, Dalton; Thompson, Jason (2013-09)
Both health status and net worth can affect retirement decisions. In some cases, early retirement may be precipitated by a shock to an individual?s health and/or economic status. The authors examine how health and wealth shocks affect retirement decisions. They use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to estimate a first-differences model of health and wealth shocks on retirement over the course of the 2000s in the United States. Their results suggest that acute health shocks are associated with labor market exits for older American men but not women. These results appear particularly ...
Review , Issue Sep

Newsletter
Financial life after the death of a spouse
Fadlon, Itzik; Ramnath, Shanthi; Camner McKay, Lisa; Tong, Patricia K. (2020-05-19)
The death of a spouse results in a considerable decline in average income for the surviving spouse. The Social Security survivors benefits program compensates the surviving spouse, most often a woman, for almost all of the lost income, allowing them to work less, but many widows who are not yet eligible for the program struggle to meet their financial needs.
Chicago Fed Letter , Issue 438 , Pages 5

Journal Article
Does education improve health? A reexamination of the evidence from compulsory schooling laws
Mazumder, Bhashkar (2008-04)
This article analyzes the impact of compulsory schooling laws early in the twentieth century on long-term health. The author finds no compelling evidence for a causal link between education and health using this research design. Further, the results suggest that only a small fraction of health conditions are affected by education, and several of those are conditions, such as sight and hearing, where economic theories don?t appear to be relevant.
Economic Perspectives , Volume 32 , Issue Q II , Pages 2-16

Working Paper
How Important Is Health Inequality for Lifetime Earnings Inequality?
Hosseini, Roozbeh; Kopecky, Karen A.; Zhao, Kai (2021-01-04)
Using a dynamic panel approach, we provide empirical evidence that negative health shocks reduce earnings. The effect is primarily driven by the participation margin and is concentrated in less educated individuals and those with poor health. We build a dynamic, general equilibrium, life cycle model that is consistent with these findings. In the model, individuals whose health is risky and heterogeneous choose to either work, or not work and apply for social security disability insurance (SSDI). Health affects individuals’ productivity, SSDI access, disutility from work, mortality, and ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2021-1

Discussion Paper
Understanding the Racial and Income Gap in Covid-19: Health Insurance, Comorbidities, and Medical Facilities
Avtar, Ruchi; Chakrabarti, Rajashri; Pinkovskiy, Maxim L. (2021-01-12)
Our previous work documents that low-income and majority-minority areas were considerably more affected by COVID-19, as captured by markedly higher case and death rates. In a four-part series starting with this post, we seek to understand the reasons behind these income and racial disparities. Do disparities in health status translate into disparities in COVID-19 intensity? Does the health system play a role through health insurance and hospital capacity? Can disparities in COVID-19 intensity be explained by high-density, crowded environments? Does social distancing, pollution, or the age ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20210112a

Do Workforce Barriers Differ among Eighth District States?
Kent, Ana Hernández (2025-07-08)
An analysis of census data among Eighth District states finds that the main reasons given by adults for their inability to join the workforce differed by geography.
On the Economy

Working Paper
Health Shocks, Health Insurance, Human Capital, and the Dynamics of Earnings and Health
Capatina, Elena; Keane, Michael P. (2023-11-15)
We specify and calibrate a life-cycle model of labor supply and savings incorporating health shocks and medical treatment decisions. Our model features endogenous wage formation via human capital accumulation, employer-sponsored health insurance, and means-tested social insurance. We use the model to study the effects of health shocks on health, labor supply and earnings, and to assess how health shocks contribute to earnings inequality. We also simulate provision of public insurance to agents who lack employer-sponsored insurance. The public insurance program substantially increases medical ...
Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute Working Papers , Paper 080

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