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Working Paper
Manning Up and Womaning Down: How Husbands and Wives Report Earnings When She Earns More
Heggeness, Misty; Murray-Close, Marta (2019-12-10)
To infer social preferences regarding the relative earnings of spouses, we use measurement error in the earnings reported for married couples in the Current Population Survey. We compare the earnings reported for husbands and wives in the survey with their “true” earnings as reported by their employers to tax authorities. Compared with couples where the wife earns just less than the husband, those where she earns just more are 15.9 percentage points more likely to under-report her relative earnings. This pattern reflects the reporting behavior of both husbands and wives and is consistent ...
Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute Working Papers , Paper 28

Report
Human capital investments and expectations about career and family
Zafar, Basit; Wiswall, Matthew (2016-08-01)
This paper studies how individuals believe human capital investments will affect their future career and family life. We conducted a survey of high-ability currently enrolled college students and elicited beliefs about how their choice of college major, and whether to complete their degree at all, would affect a wide array of future events, including future earnings, employment, marriage prospects, potential spousal characteristics, and fertility. We find that students perceive large ?returns" to human capital not only in their own future earnings, but also in a number of other dimensions ...
Staff Reports , Paper 792

Journal Article
Gender Composition of the Boards of Directors of the Regional Federal Reserve Banks
Jarque, Arantxa; Davis, Caroline (2019-10)
Women have traditionally been underrepresented among governors of the Federal Reserve Board and among presidents of the regional Federal Reserve Banks. This lack of diversity may limit the representation of the interests of women, leave out valuable talent, and affect group dynamics and decision-making. These concerns are also relevant for the members of the Boards of Directors of the twelve regional banks of the Federal Reserve System. This article presents and analyzes hand-collected data on female representation on these twelve boards. Since 1977, when the first five women began serving as ...
Economic Quarterly , Issue 4Q , Pages 201-250

Working Paper
Gender and Social Networks on Bank Boards
Owen, Ann L.; Temesvary, Judit; Wei, Andrew (2021-03-22)
We examine the effect of the social networks of bank directors on board gender diversity and compensation using a unique, newly compiled dataset over the 1999-2018 period. We find that within-board social networks are extensive, but there are significant differences in the size and gender composition of social networks of male vs female bank directors. We also find that samegender networks play an important role in determining the gender composition of bank boards. Finally, we show that those connected to male directors receive higher compensation, but we find no evidence that connections to ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2021-021

Journal Article
Parental Participation in a Pandemic Labor Market
Seitelman, Lily; Lofton, Olivia; Petrosky-Nadeau, Nicolas (2021-04-05)
Gender gaps in labor market outcomes during the pandemic largely reflect differences in parents’ experiences. Labor force participation fell much less for fathers compared with other men and all women at the onset of the pandemic; the recovery has been more pronounced for men and women without children. Meanwhile, labor force participation among mothers declined with the start of the school year. Evidence suggests flexibility in setting work schedules can offset some of the adverse impact on mothers’ employment, while the ability to work from home does not.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2021 , Issue 10 , Pages 01-05

Discussion Paper
The Power of Proximity: How Working beside Colleagues Affects Training and Productivity
Emanuel, Natalia; Harrington, Emma; Pallais, Amanda (2024-01-18)
Firms remain divided about the value of the office for “office” workers. Some firms think that their employees are more productive when working from home. Others believe that the office is a key place for investing in workers’ skills. In this post, which is based on a recent working paper, we examine whether both sides could be right: Could working in the office facilitate investments in workers’ skills for tomorrow that diminish productivity today?
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20240118

Journal Article
How Labor Force Participation Has Diverged Across Genders
Hornstein, Andreas; Kudlyak, Marianna; Avaradi, Greeshma; Kim, Taerin (2026-06-01)
U.S. labor force participation rose for decades until the mid-1990s but has fallen steadily since then. This general pattern masks different paths for men and women in the workforce. Aging and rising education explain much of the long-run changes but do not account for the divergence by gender. Men’s trend participation has fallen steadily since the late 1970s, while women’s participation rose through 2000 before flattening. The difference mainly reflects younger male cohorts participating less than earlier ones, whereas younger female cohorts—especially those with more education—have ...
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2026 , Issue 15 , Pages 6

Working Paper
Decomposing Gender Differences in Bankcard Credit Limits
Blascak, Nathan; Tranfaglia, Anna (2021-11-18)
In this paper, we examine if there are gender differences in total bankcard limits by utilizing a data set that links mortgage applicant information with individual-level credit bureau data from 2006 - 2016. We document that after controlling for credit score, income, and demographic characteristics, male borrowers on average have higher total bankcard limits than female borrowers. Using a standard Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we find that 87 percent of the gap is explained by differences in the effect of observed characteristics between male and female borrowers, while ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2021-072

The “She-Cession” Persists, Especially for Women of Color
Kent, Ana Hernández; Covington, Meredith (2020-12-24)
During most of the pandemic, women have experienced higher unemployment rates than men. Women of color have been hit particularly hard.
On the Economy

Speech
Opening Remarks: Heterogeneity Blog Series Webinar
Hirtle, Beverly (2020-03-04)
Remarks for the Heterogeneity Blog Series Webinar, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York City.
Speech

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