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Discussion Paper
Credit Checkup: A Look at the Financing Experiences of Small Businesses in Virginia, Washington, D.C., and North Carolina
There are about 6.3 million businesses with employees (or "employer firms") across the United States, and just over half a million of those firms are located in the Richmond Fed's Fifth District, which includes Maryland, the District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and most of West Virginia. Financing can play a critical role in the health of these businesses, and small business credit access is among the community development finance research topics that the Richmond Fed prioritizes to help support economic vitality in communities.
Discussion Paper
Information on Dealer Activity in Specific Treasury Issues Now Available
The New York Fed has long collected market information from its primary dealer trading counterparts and released these data in aggregated form to the public. Until recently, such data have only been available for broad categories of securities (for example, Treasury bills as a group) and not for specific securities. In April 2013, the Fed began releasing data on some specific Treasury issues, allowing for a more refined understanding of market conditions and dealer behavior.
Journal Article
National Preferences for Bank or Market Financing
This article examines the reasons some countries favor bank-based financial systems and others favor markets-based financial systems. We show that when societies are more accepting of ambiguity?and by extension are more trusting?market financing is favored over relationship-based collateral financing by banks.
Journal Article
Matching collateral supply and financing demands in dealer banks
The failure and near-collapse of some of the largest dealer banks on Wall Street in 2008 highlighted the marked vulnerability of the industry. Dealer banks are financial intermediaries that make markets for many securities and derivatives. Like standard banks, dealer banks may derive the funding for a loan from their own equity or from external sources, such as depositors or creditors. Unlike standard banks, however, dealer banks rely heavily upon collateralized borrowing and lending, which give rise to ?internal? sources of financing. This article provides a descriptive and analytical ...
Journal Article
Why Are Overall Profits Outpacing Financing Costs?
Since the 1980s, decreasing interest rates have reduced the cost of financing for publicly traded corporations, which in turn has lowered their cost of capital by more than a third. Data show that their profits have likewise declined. At the same time, however, economy-wide corporate profits have increased substantially. Combining these data indicates that the increase in profits has instead gone to privately held companies. This implies that private companies have either increased their market power or their risk.
Working Paper
Credit Supply and Hedge Fund Performance: Evidence from Prime Broker Surveys
Constraints on the supply of credit by prime brokers affect hedge funds' leverage and performance. Using dealer surveys and hedge fund regulatory filings, we identify individual funds' credit supply from the availability of credit under agreements currently in place between a hedge fund and its prime brokers. We find that hedge funds connected to prime brokers that make more credit available to their hedge fund clients increase their borrowing and generate higher returns and alphas. These effects are more pronounced among hedge funds that rely on a small number of prime brokers, and those ...