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Discussion Paper
Medicare and Financial Health across the United States
Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul; Wallace, Jacob; Pinkovskiy, Maxim L. (2020-07-08)
Consumer financial strain varies enormously across the United States. One pernicious source of financial strain is debt in collections—debt that is more than 120 days past due and that has been sold to a collections agency. In Massachusetts, the average person has less than $100 in collections debt, while in Texas, the average person has more than $300. In this post, we discuss our recent staff report that exploits the fact that virtually all Americans are universally covered by Medicare at 65 to show that health insurance not only improves financial health on average, but also is a major ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20200708e

Speech
Good Intentions
Daly, Mary C. (2021-02-04)
Virtual Presentation at Uneven Outcomes in the Labor Market Conference, by Mary C. Daly, President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Thursday, February 4, 2021
Speech

Discussion Paper
Inequality in U.S. Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity
Haughwout, Andrew F.; Lee, Donghoon; Scally, Joelle; Van der Klaauw, Wilbert (2020-07-08)
Homeownership has historically been an important means for Americans to accumulate wealth—in fact, at more than $15 trillion, housing equity accounts for 16 percent of total U.S. household wealth. Consequently, the U.S. homeownership cycle has triggered large swings in Americans’ net worth over the past twenty-five years. However, the nature of those swings has varied significantly by race and ethnicity, with different demographic groups tracing distinct trajectories through the housing boom, the foreclosure crisis, and the subsequent recovery. Here, we look into the dynamics underlying ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20200708a

A Way to Influence Public Policy
Kosnik, Lea-Rachel; Mora, Marie (2020-09-28)
Marie Mora and Lea-Rachel Kosnik agree that having diverse perspectives at the policymaking table is essential, which is one of the reasons they both chose to study economics.
On the Economy

Journal Article
Holding Space: Underlying Real Estate Conditions for Nonprofits in the Los Angeles Region
Kim, Jiwon; Mattiuzzi, Elizabeth; Hodge, Eileen (2020-08-14)
Over the past decade, rising real estate costs have led to displacement of low-income residents and small businesses from Los Angeles’ changing neighborhoods. This trend raises questions about the long-term ability of nonprofit organizations that operate in these neighborhoods to remain in place. The recent economic downturn related to the COVID-19 pandemic makes understanding the baseline conditions that nonprofits face in the real estate market even more critical.Previous research suggests that some San Francisco Bay Area nonprofits, particularly those that rent operating space, have ...
Community Development Research Brief , Volume 2020 , Issue 04 , Pages 19

Working Paper
Low-Income Consumers and Payment Choice
Shy, Oz (2020-02-01)
Low-income consumers are not only constrained with spending, but also with the type and variety of payment methods available to them. Using a representative sample of the U.S. adult population, this paper analyzes the low possession (adoption) of credit and debit cards among low-income consumers who are also unbanked. Using a random utility model, I estimate the potential welfare gains associated with policy options suggested in the literature to provide subsidized and unsubsidized debit cards to this consumer population.
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2020-3

Speech
From Gaps to Growth: Equity as a Path to Prosperity
Daly, Mary C. (2021-09-29)
Presentation to UCLA Anderson Forecast Webinar, by Mary C. Daly, President and Chief Executive Officer, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, September 29, 2021
Speech

Working Paper
Neighborhood Change and Residential Instability in Oakland
Gupta, Vineet; Hwang, Jackelyn; Shrimali, Bina (2021-05-11)
Affordable housing is critical to ensuring healthy and resilient communities and broad access to economic opportunity. In this report, we examine neighborhood change and residential instability in the City of Oakland over the past two decades. We employ multiple data sources, including individual-level data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Consumer Credit Panel/Equifax data. We analyze historical and contemporary data to understand patterns of residential instability, and we identify which residents and areas are most likely to experience heightened challenges in the context of the ...
Community Development Working Paper , Paper 2021-01

Journal Article
How Much Did the CARES Act Help Households Stay Afloat?
Teng, Gladys; Oliveira, Luiz E.; Aylward, James; Laderman, Elizabeth (2021-07-06)
Widespread job losses starting in mid-March last year forced many households to rely more heavily on nonemployment income and liquid assets on hand to continue buying what they needed. Federal assistance through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act helped boost household resilience—the ability to sustain consumption despite the loss of employment income. Data suggest that the aid increased household resilience by 15 weeks, chiefly through enhanced unemployment insurance benefits. Among racial groups, this benefited Black and Hispanic households the most, raising median ...
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2021 , Issue 18 , Pages 06

Journal Article
Unbanked in America: A Review of the Literature
Boel, Paola; Zimmerman, Peter (2022-05-26)
We review the recent literature on the causes and consequences of financial exclusion—that is, the lack of bank account ownership—in the United States. We examine existing work in a range of fields, including economics, finance, public policy, and sociology.
Economic Commentary , Volume 2022 , Issue 07 , Pages 10

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