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Working Paper
A Macroeconomic Model of Central Bank Digital Currency
Paul, Pascal; Ulate, Mauricio; Wu, Jing Cynthia (2024-04-08)
We develop a quantitative New Keynesian DSGE model to study the introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC): government-backed digital money available to retail consumers. At the heart of our model are monopolistic banks with market power in deposit and loan markets. When a CBDC is introduced, households benefit from an expansion of liquidity services and higher deposit rates as bank deposit market power is curtailed. However, deposits also flow out of the banking system and bank lending contracts. We assess this welfare trade-off for a wide range of economies that differ in their ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2024-11

Journal Article
The Blockchain Revolution: Decoding Digital Currencies
Andolfatto, David; Martin, Fernando M. (2022-07-14)
Cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance have grown considerably since the publication of the white paper on bitcoin in 2009. This article presents an overview of cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology, and their applications, explaining the spirit of the enterprise and how it compares with traditional operations. We discuss money, digital money, and payments; cryptocurrencies, blockchain, and the double-spending problem of digital money; decentralized finance; and central bank digital currency.
Review , Volume 104 , Issue 3 , Pages 149-165

Briefing
Déjà Vu All Over Again: What the Return of Private Currencies Could Mean for Central Banks
Maniff, Jesse Leigh; Zubradt, Susan (2021-06-30)
Private digital currencies, or “crypto-assets,” have surged in popularity recently, but they are not new to the payments landscape and may present familiar challenges for central banks. Although they have yet to fulfill the main functions of money, crypto-assets still have the potential to affect financial stability and the implementation of monetary policy.
Payments System Research Briefing

Speech
U.S. Regulations and Approaches to Cryptocurrencies
Held, Michael (2019-12-03)
Remarks at the BIS Central Bank Legal Experts’ Meeting, Basel, Switzerland
Speech

Faster Payments, More Disruptions
Monge-Naranjo, Alexander; Sun, Qiuhan (2020-06-04)
New payment technologies have transformed the banking system by increasing the efficiency and mechanisms to transfer funds. How will these innovations disrupt the banking system?
On the Economy

Working Paper
Stablecoins: Growth Potential and Impact on Banking
Liao, Gordon Y.; Caramichael, John (2022-01-31)
Stablecoins have experienced tremendous growth in the past year, serving as a possible breakthrough innovation in the future of payments. In this paper, we discuss the current use cases and growth opportunities of stablecoins, and we analyze the potential for stablecoins to broadly impact the banking system. The impact of stablecoin adoption on traditional banking and credit provision can vary depending on the sources of inflow and the composition of stablecoin reserves. Among the various scenarios, a two-tiered banking system can both support stablecoin issuance and maintain traditional ...
International Finance Discussion Papers , Paper 1334

Briefing
Motives Matter: Examining Potential Tension in Central Bank Digital Currency Designs
Maniff, Jesse Leigh (2020-07-01)
As a new central bank liability, central bank digital currency (CBDC) has the potential to address various issues within current payments and financial systems. The motivation behind a CBDC will determine how it is designed; a CBDC designed to achieve one goal, such as broader financial inclusion, may have difficulty achieving other objectives.
Payments System Research Briefing

Briefing
A Historical Perspective on Digital Currencies
Ennis, Huberto M.; Wang, Zhu; Wong, Russell (2022-07)
This article reviews private currencies in U.S. history to shed light on the contemporary issue of digital currencies. This perspective suggests that government interventions have a critical role in creating a well-functioning money and payments system. Particularly, a central bank digital currency (CBDC) can be a useful tool to supplement regulation in addressing long-standing concerns and risks associated with private currencies.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief , Volume 22 , Issue 21

Report
(Annual Report 2021) The Blockchain Revolution: Decoding Digital Currencies
St. Louis, Federal Reserve Bank (2022-04-20)
Annual Report

Briefing
Observations from the Retail CBDCs of the Caribbean
Noll, Franklin (2024-04-10)
Three retail central bank digital currencies (rCBDCs) have been issued in the Caribbean, but thus far all have struggled to achieve expected adoption from both consumers and merchants. The efforts to launch these rCDBCs offer three takeaways: 1) the underlying technologies of rCBDCs may have little effect on adoption; 2) an rCBDC may need to demonstrate value added to entice consumers to use it; and 3) an rCBDC platform may need to be integrated into the larger financial ecosystem to be widely adopted.
Payments System Research Briefing

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