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Speech
Welcoming remarks for the Women in Central Banking Workshop
Logan, Lorie (2024-11-01)
Dallas Fed President Lorie K. Logan delivered these remarks at the Women in Central Banking Workshop hosted at the Dallas Fed in collaboration with Norges Bank.
Speeches and Essays

Working Paper
Measuring Inclusion: Gender and Coauthorship at the Federal Reserve Board
Datta, Deepa Dhume; Vigfusson, Robert J. (2024-12-05)
Relative to diversity, inclusion is much harder to measure. We measure inclusion of women in economics using novel data on coauthoring relationships among Federal Reserve Board economists. Individual coauthoring relationships are voluntary, yet inclusion in coauthoring networks can be central to research productivity and career success. We document gender affinity in coauthoring, with individuals up to 34 percent more likely to have a same-gender coauthor in the data relative to what would be predicted by random assignment. Because women account for under 30 percent of Federal Reserve Board ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2024-091

Speech
Remarks at the Global Research Forum on International Macroeconomics and Finance
Hirtle, Beverly (2022-11-17)
Introductory remarks at the Global Research Forum on International Macroeconomics and Finance.
Speech

Working Paper
Early Public Banks
Velde, Francois R.; Roberds, William (2014-02-11)
Publicly owned or commissioned banks were common in Europe from the fifteenth century. This survey argues that while the early public banks were characterized by great experimentation in their design, a common goal was to create a liquid and reliable monetary asset in environments where such assets were rare or unavailable. The success of these banks was however never guaranteed, and even well-run banks could become unstable over time as their success made them susceptible to fiscal exploitation. The popularization of bearer notes in the eighteenth century broadened the user base for the ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-2014-3

Discussion Paper
An Interoperability Framework for Payment Systems
Durfee, Jon; Lee, Michael Junho; Torregrossa, Joseph (2025-03-27)
Novel payment systems based on blockchain networks promise to redesign financial architecture, but a notable concern about these systems is whether they can be made interoperable. This concern stems from the concept of the “singleness of money”—that payments and exchange are not subject to volatility in the value of the money itself. Volatility and speculation can arise from the payment medium, which may have speculative characteristics, or from frictions that undermine the ability of one or more payments systems to interoperate. In this two-part series, we outline a framework for ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20250327a

Speech
On Balance: All Things Considered on the Road to Normal
Harker, Patrick T. (2019-03-26)
Philadelphia Fed President Patrick Harker discussed the U.S. and global economies and the Fed?s monetary policy outlook at the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Ninth Economists? Meeting in Frankfurt, Germany. Regarding unwinding the balance sheet, Harker said a "slow and steady approach" that leads to a gradual decrease in average reserves is ?not only the safer option, it has the additional advantage of reducing uncertainty. ..."
Speech , Paper 162

Report
Star Wars at Central Banks
Gorajek, Adam; Malin, Benjamin A.; Bank, Joel; Fitchett, Hamish; Staib, Andrew (2021-02-11)
We investigate the credibility of central bank research by searching for traces of researcher bias, which is a tendency to use undisclosed analytical procedures that raise measured levels of statistical significance (stars) in artificial ways. To conduct our search, we compile a new dataset and borrow 2 bias-detection methods from the literature: the p-curve and z-curve. The results are mixed. The p-curve shows no traces of researcher bias but has a high propensity to produce false negatives. The z-curve shows some traces of researcher bias but requires strong assumptions. We examine those ...
Staff Report , Paper 620

Working Paper
Why Do We Need Both Liquidity Regulations and a Lender of Last Resort? A Perspective from Federal Reserve Lending during the 2007-09 U.S. Financial Crisis
Carlson, Mark A.; Duygan-Bump, Burcu; Nelson, William R. (2015-02-10)
During the 2007-09 financial crisis, there were severe reductions in the liquidity of financial markets, runs on the shadow banking system, and destabilizing defaults and near-defaults of major financial institutions. In response, the Federal Reserve, in its role as lender of last resort (LOLR), injected extraordinary amounts of liquidity. In the aftermath, lawmakers and regulators have taken steps to reduce the likelihood that such lending would be required in the future, including the introduction of liquidity regulations. These changes were motivated in part by the argument that central ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2015-11

Working Paper
Death of a Reserve Currency
Roberds, William; Quinn, Stephen F. (2014-09-01)
The Dutch bank florin was the dominant currency in Europe during much of the 17th and 18th centuries. The florin, a fiat money, was managed by an early central bank, the Bank of Amsterdam. Using a new reconstruction of the Bank of Amsterdam's balance sheet, we analyze the florin's loss of reserve currency status during the period 1781?92. The reconstruction shows that by 1784, accommodative policies rendered the Bank of Amsterdam "policy insolvent," meaning that its net worth would have been negative under continuation of its policy objectives. Policy insolvency coincided with the Bank of ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2014-17

Working Paper
Central Bank Digital Currencies: An Old Tale with a New Chapter
Bordo, Michael D.; Roberds, William (2022-12-18)
We consider the debut of a new monetary instrument, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). Drawing on examples from monetary history, we argue that a successful monetary transformation must combine microeconomic efficiency with macroeconomic credibility. A paradoxical feature of these transformations is that success in the micro dimension can encourage macro failure. Overcoming this paradox may require politically uncomfortable compromises. We propose that such compromises will be necessary for the success of CBDCs.
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2022-18

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