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Working Paper
Heterogeneous bank lending responses to monetary policy: new evidence from a real-time identification
Bowdler, Christopher; Bluedorn, John C.; Koch, Christoffer (2014-03-01)
We present new evidence on how heterogeneity in banks interacts with monetary policy changes to impact bank lending, at both the bank and U.S. state levels. Using an exogenous policy measure identified from narratives on FOMC intentions and real-time economic forecasts, we find much stronger dynamic effects and greater heterogeneity in U.S. bank lending responses than that found in previous research based on realized federal funds rate changes. Our findings suggest that studies using realized monetary policy changes confound monetary policy?s effects with those of changes in expected ...
Working Papers , Paper 1404

Working Paper
A Price-Differentiation Model of the Interbank Market and Its Application to a Financial Crisis
Kim, Kyungmin (2017-06-16)
Rate curves for overnight loans between bank pairs, as functions of loan values, can be used to infer valuation of reserves by banks. The inferred valuation can be used to interpret shifts in rate curves between bank pairs, for example, in response to a financial crisis. This paper proposes a model of lending by a small bank to a large monopolistic bank to generate a tractable rate curve. An explicit calibration procedure for model parameters is developed and applied to a dataset from Mexico around the 2008 financial crisis. During the crisis, relatively small banks were lending to large ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2017-065

Working Paper
The Reversal Interest Rate
Brunnermeier, Markus K.; Abadi, Joseph; Koby, Yann (2022-09-01)
The reversal interest rate is the rate at which accommodative monetary policy reverses andbecomes contractionary for lending. We theoretically demonstrate its existence in a macroeconomic model featuring imperfectly competitive banks that face financial frictions. When interest rates are cut too low, further monetary stimulus cuts into banks’ profit margins, depressing their net worth and curtailing their credit supply. Similarly, when interest rates are low for too long, the persistent drag on bank profitability eventually outweighs banks’ initial capital gains, also stifling credit ...
Working Papers , Paper 22-28

Working Paper
Optimal Monetary Policy under Negative Interest Rate
Wen, Yi; Dong, Feng (2017-05-16)
In responding to the extremely weak global economy after the financial crisis in 2008, many industrial nations have been considering or have already implemented negative nominal interest rate policy. This situation raises two important questions for monetary theories: (i) Given the widely held doctrine of the zero lower bound on nominal interest rate, how is a negative interest rate (NIR) policy possible? (ii) Will NIR be effective in stimulating aggregate demand? (iii) Are there any new theoretical issues emerging under NIR policies? This article builds a model to show that (i) money ...
Working Papers , Paper 2017-19

Working Paper
Bank Branch Access: Evidence from Geolocation Data
Sakong, Jung; Zentefis, Alexander (2023-04-11)
Low-income and Black households are less likely to visit bank branches than high-income and White households, despite the former two groups appearing to rely more on branches as means of bank participation. We assess whether unequal branch access can explain that disparity. We propose a measure of bank branch access based on a gravity model of consumer trips to bank branches, estimated using mobile device geolocation data. Residents have better branch access if branches are closer or have superior qualities that attract more visitors. Because the geolocation data is distorted to protect user ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP 2023-15

Working Paper
The Fed's Discount Window in "Normal" Times
Ennis, Huberto M.; Klee, Elizabeth C. (2024-12-20)
We study transaction-level data of bank borrowings at the Federal Reserve’s discount window from 2010 to 2019. We merge these data with quarterly information on bank balance sheets and income statements. To aid in the interpretation of our empirical analysis, we also develop a detailed model of the decision of banks to borrow from various sources, including the discount window. The objective is to contribute to a better understanding of the reasons why banks use the discount window during “normal” times—periods of relative calm in financial markets. Consistent with our model, we find ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2021-016r1

Working Paper
Refining the Definition of the Unbanked
Falcettoni, Elena; Nygaard, Vegard (2025-05-09)
We propose a new way to classify individuals without a bank account, accounting for their actual interest in being banked. Analogous to how unemployment statistics are defined and estimated, we differentiate the individuals that do not have a bank account and would like to have one (the “unbanked”) from individuals that do not have a bank account and are not interested in having one (the “out of banking population”). Using FDIC data, we show the evolution over time of these new measures and show that the two groups differ in policy-relevant ways. While the unbanked mostly cite ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2025-033

Working Paper
Shareholder activism in banking
Roman, Raluca (2015-08-01)
This paper conducts the first assessment of shareholder activism in banking and its effects on risk and performance. The focus is on the conflicts among bank shareholders, managers, and creditors (e.g., regulators, deposit insurer, taxpayers, depositors). This paper finds activism may generally be a destabilizing force, increasing bank risk-taking, but creating market value for shareholders, and leaving operating returns unchanged, consistent with the empirical dominance of the Shareholder-Creditor Conflict. However, during financial crises, the increase in risk disappears, suggesting ...
Research Working Paper , Paper RWP 15-9

Working Paper
The Welfare Effects of Bank Liquidity and Capital Requirements
Van den Heuvel, Skander J. (2022-11-04)
The stringency of bank liquidity and capital requirements should depend on their social costs and benefits. This paper investigates their welfare effects and quantifies their welfare costs using sufficient statistics. The special role of banks as liquidity providers is embedded in an otherwise standard general equilibrium growth model. Capital and liquidity requirements mitigate moral hazard from deposit insurance, which, if unchecked, can lead to excessive credit and liquidity risk at banks. However, these regulations are also costly because they reduce the ability of banks to create net ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2022-072

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