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Journal Article
Nonbank activities and risk

Economic Review , Issue Oct , Pages 19-34

Journal Article
The choice of capital instruments

A system of bank supervision and regulation should protect taxpayers and the financial system without imposing unnecessary costs on banks. This article focuses on whether existing capital regulations, one of the primary tools of bank supervision and regulation, are imposing unnecessary costs on banks. In particular, the capital requirements may be requiring banks to issue equity when it would be less costly for them to issue subordinated debt. ; The authors obtain evidence on the costs generated by equity issues by examining the type of capital banks issued in response to the capital ...
Economic Review , Volume 83 , Issue Q 2 , Pages 4-17

Journal Article
Banks' responses to binding regulatory capital requirements

Since the early 1980s U.S. bank regulators have focused increasingly on the adequacy of banks' capital ratios. This article begins with a review of the changes to U.S. capital regulations and theoretical models for determining banks' capital strategy. The authors then survey numerous studies that examine banks' responses, and the costs associated with their responses, to these regulations. ; The authors categorize banks' responses into two primary types. The first of these, termed cosmetic changes to the capital ratio, may be achieved in one of two ways: a bank may reduce its total assets ...
Economic Review , Volume 80 , Issue Mar , Pages 1-17

Journal Article
Capital requirements for banks: a look at the 1981 and 1988 standards

Economic Review , Issue Mar , Pages 14-29

Journal Article
Policy essay - risk-based bank capital: issues and solutions

Market risk has become an integral consideration in bank business. Derivatives are increasingly used as a means of risk management, and bank involvement in derivatives trading represents a new, different, and very important line of business. Existing regulations for the determination of bank capital, based on the quality of assets held, are not appropriate for trading portfolio assets where exposure to market risk factors is of primary importance. ; This essay discusses three major proposals for dealing with market risk in determining banks' risk-based capital. The standard and internal model ...
Economic Review , Volume 80 , Issue Sep , Pages 32-40

Journal Article
Are banks' responses to capital regulations 'cosmetic'?

Financial Update , Volume 10 , Issue Jan , Pages 3

Journal Article
Bank capital exposure to government-sponsored-enterprise debt

Financial Update , Volume 14 , Issue Jul , Pages 1-3

Journal Article
Helping banks meet liquidity needs: The Federal Reserve’s discount window

Financial Update , Volume 14 , Issue Oct , Pages 4-5

Journal Article
Risk-based standards for capital requirements

Financial Update , Volume 11 , Issue Jul , Pages 8-9

Journal Article
Capital treatment of trust preferred securities changes

Financial Update , Volume 18 , Issue Q 3

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