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Working Paper
Early-Stage Business Formation : An Analysis of Applications for Employer Identification Numbers
Bayard, Kimberly; Dinlersoz, Emin M.; Dunne, Timothy; Haltiwanger, John; Miranda, Javier; Stevens, John J. (2018-03-05)
This paper reports on the development and analysis of a newly constructed dataset on the early stages of business formation. The data are based on applications for Employer Identification Numbers (EINs) submitted in the United States, known as IRS Form SS-4 filings. The goal of the research is to develop high-frequency indicators of business formation at the national, state, and local levels. The analysis indicates that EIN applications provide forward-looking and very timely information on business formation. The signal of business formation provided by counts of applications is improved by ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2018-015

Working Paper
"Revitalize or Stabilize": Does Community Development Financing Work?
Ringo, Daniel R. (2020-04-15)
Banks in the United States originate $100 billion in community development loans every year and hold a similar amount of community development investments on their balance sheets. A number of federal place-based policies encourage the provision of these loans and investments to promote growth, employment and the availability of affordable housing to disadvantaged communities. Research into the effectiveness of privately supplied community development financing has been hampered, however, by the lack of comprehensive data on banks' community development activities at a local level. Hand ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2020-029

Working Paper
The Local Impact of Containerization
Brooks, Leah; Gendron-Carrier, Nicolas; Rua, Gisela (2018-07-10)
We investigate how containerization impacts local economic activity. Containerization is premised on a simple insight: packaging goods for waterborne trade into a standardized container makes them dramatically cheaper to move. We use a novel cost-shifter instrument -- port depth pre-containerization -- to contend with the non-random adoption of containerization by ports. Container ships sit much deeper in the water than their predecessors, making initially deep ports cheaper to containerize. Consistent with New Economic Geography models, we find that counties near container ports grow an ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2018-045

Discussion Paper
Blight remediation in the Southeast: local approaches to design and implementation
Price, Shelley; Mitchell, Emily; Carpenter, Ann (2015-11-01)
Blight?or the proliferation of vacant, abandoned, or poorly maintained properties?is a critical community issue in many cities in the Southeast as in other regions of the United States, as economic shifts experienced in the past few decades have changed neighborhoods significantly. Municipalities dealing with this issue recognize what is well documented in the literature?that blight is associated with social, economic, environmental, and public health effects on neighborhoods. The recent recession has led to a surge of abandoned and bank-owned properties, disproportionately located in poor ...
FRB Atlanta Community and Economic Development Discussion Paper , Paper 2015-5

Discussion Paper
Leading, lagging, and left behind: identifying metropolitan leaders and labor market outcomes
Andreason, Stuart (2015-10-01)
From 1990 to 2010, the United States underwent significant changes in the makeup of the population and its educational attainment. During the period, bachelor's degree or higher attainment proportions rose significantly?7.9 percentage points?from 20.3 percent in 1990 to 28.2 percent in 2010. This growth happened unevenly, though. Of 283 metropolitan areas, only 78 were above the 7.9 percentage point increase, suggesting much more concentrated growth than would be expected if growth were experienced evenly. This paper documents the concentration of growth and examines four labor market ...
FRB Atlanta Community and Economic Development Discussion Paper , Paper 2015-4

Discussion Paper
Anchor Institution Strategies in the Southeast: Working with Hospitals and Universities to Support Inclusive Growth
Fazili, Sameera (2019-12-03)
Engaging universities and hospitals to address economic disparities—often referred to as anchor institution strategies—has been understudied in the Southeast. The author examines efforts to launch anchor institution strategies in the Southeast. First, the author reviews the anchor institution concept in economic development, noting how the strategy has evolved from single institutions focusing on a set of neighborhoods to expanding to multi-institution collaboratives that attempt to tackle economic inequalities at a city or regional level. Second, the author offers case studies of New ...
FRB Atlanta Community and Economic Development Discussion Paper , Paper 2019-2

Working Paper
High-growth firms in Georgia
Choi, Taelim; Robertson, John C.; Rupasingha, Anil (2013-12-01)
This paper reports the results of a study of the characteristics and direct employment impact of high-growth firms operating in Georgia. The longitudinal data used in this study are from the National Establishment Time-Series (NETS) database. Using a standard definition of high employment growth to classify firms, we track the direct employment contribution of high-growth firms in the state from 1989 to 2009. We find that only a small fraction of firms satisfied the high-growth employment criteria in any year, but these rapidly growing firms made a disproportionately large contribution to ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2013-20

Working Paper
Will talent attraction and retention improve metropolitan labor markets?
Andreason, Stuart (2015-04-17)
Since the early 1990s, metropolitan entities and local governments have targeted incentives, policies, and investments with the goal of highly educated and skilled workers to locate in their communities. These efforts focus on attracting workers who hold a bachelor?s degree or higher and have had a profound effect on the form and management of metropolitan areas, but there is not clear evidence that growth in bachelor?s or higher degree attainment improves metropolitan labor market outcomes. I use an outcomes-based cluster-discriminant analysis to test whether or not metropolitan areas with ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2015-4

Working Paper
Fracking and Mortgage Default
Cunningham, Chris; Gerardi, Kristopher S.; Shen, Yannan (2017-03-01)
This paper ?nds that increased hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking," along the Marcellus Formation in Pennsylvania had a signi?cant, negative effect on mortgage credit risk. Controlling for potential endogeneity bias by utilizing the underlying geologic properties of the land as instrumental variables for fracking activity, we ?nd that mortgages originated before the 2007 boom in shale gas, were, post-boom, signi?cantly less likely to default in areas with greater drilling activity. The weight of evidence suggests that the greatest bene?t from fracking came from strengthening the labor market, ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2017-4

Working Paper
Determinants of Differential Rent Changes: Mean Reversion versus the Usual Suspects
Shoemaker, Owen; Johnson, William; Verbrugge, Randal; Poole, Robert; Marsh, Fred; Dorfman, Alan (2015-08-05)
We study 2001-2004 and 2004-2007 rent growth of 18,000 rental units, ending our study prior to the Great Recession. Which variables correlate with rent growth: Location? Age? Rent level? Occupancy duration? Structure type? The answers deepen understanding of the rental market, help statistical agencies make decisions about sample stratification and substitution, and expose coverage problems. We document significant rent stickiness. Initial relative rent level is the best predictor, though mainly due to mean reversion. "Location" comes in second, though often not statistically ...
Working Papers (Old Series) , Paper 1511

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