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Discussion Paper
Why Do Banks Target ROE?
Santos, Joao A. C.; Pennacchi, George
(2018-10-10)
Nonfinancial corporations focus on the growth in earnings per share (EPS) to benchmark their performance. Banks used to follow a similar practice, but starting in the late 1970s they began to emphasize return on equity (ROE) instead. In this blog post, we outline findings from our recent staff report, which argues that banks had an incentive to make this change when their charter values eroded owing to increased competition, and the incentive to change was magnified by risk-insensitive deposit insurance.
Liberty Street Economics
, Paper 20181010
Discussion Paper
What Happens When Regulatory Capital Is Marked to Market?
Vickery, James; Fuster, Andreas
(2018-10-11)
Minimum equity capital requirements are a key part of bank regulation. But there is little agreement about the right way to measure regulatory capital. One of the key debates is the extent to which capital ratios should be based on current market values rather than historical ?accrual? values of assets and liabilities. In a new research paper, we investigate the effects of a recent regulatory change that ties regulatory capital directly to the market value of the securities portfolio for some banks.
Liberty Street Economics
, Paper 20181011
Discussion Paper
Liquidity Effects of Post-Crisis Regulatory Reform
Shachar, Or; Boyarchenko, Nina
(2018-10-16)
The post-crisis regulatory reform efforts to improve capital and liquidity positions of regulated institutions provide incentives for banks to change not only the structure of their own balance sheets but also how they interact with their customers and other market participants more generally. A 2015 PwC study on global financial market liquidity, for example, noted that ?[a]s banks respond to the new regulatory environment, they have sought to make more efficient use of capital and liquidity resources, by reducing the markets they serve and streamlining their operations.? In this blog post, ...
Liberty Street Economics
, Paper 20181016
Discussion Paper
Stressed Outflows and the Supply of Central Bank Reserves
Bush, Ryan; Martin, Antoine; Zobel, Patricia; Weed, Phillip; Kirk, Adam
(2019-02-20)
Since the financial crisis, banking regulators around the world have been intensely aware of liquidity risk and, in part as a response, have introduced the Basel III liquidity regulation. Today, the world's largest banks hold substantial liquidity buffers comprising both securities and central bank reserves, to satisfy internal liquidity stress tests and minimum quantitative regulatory requirements. The appropriate level of liquidity buffers depends on the likely outflows in a market stress situation. In this post, we use public data to provide a rough estimate of stressed outflows that the ...
Liberty Street Economics
, Paper 20190220
Discussion Paper
Selected Deposits and the OBFR
Sherman, Scott; Wessel, Timothy; Cipriani, Marco; Mookerjee, Romen; Cambron, Alyssa; Jones, Joshua; Solimine, Brett
(2019-05-06)
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York recently decided to revise the composition of the Overnight Bank Funding Rate (OBFR), a reference rate measuring the cost banks face to borrow overnight in unsecured U.S. dollar-denominated money markets. Specifically, in addition to the federal funds and Eurodollar transactions currently comprising the OBFR, the OBFR now also includes overnight, interest-bearing demand deposits (at rates negotiated between the counterparties and excluding deposits payable on demand) booked within banks? U.S. offices, known as ?selected deposits.? In this post, we discuss ...
Liberty Street Economics
, Paper 20190506
Discussion Paper
Did Subprime Borrowers Drive the Housing Boom?
Gerardi, Kristopher S.; Conklin, James; Frame, W. Scott; Liu, Haoyang
(2020-02-26)
The role of subprime mortgage lending in the U.S. housing boom of the 2000s is hotly debated in academic literature. One prevailing narrative ascribes the unprecedented home price growth during the mid-2000s to an expansion in mortgage lending to subprime borrowers. This post, based on our recent working paper, “Villains or Scapegoats? The Role of Subprime Borrowers in Driving the U.S. Housing Boom,” presents evidence that is inconsistent with conventional wisdom. In particular, we show that the housing boom and the subprime boom occurred in different places.
Liberty Street Economics
, Paper 20200226
Discussion Paper
How Does Supervision Affect Bank Performance during Downturns?
Kovner, Anna; Plosser, Matthew; Byambaa, Uyanga; Hirtle, Beverly
(2020-04-08)
Supervision and regulation are critical tools for the promotion of stability and soundness in the financial sector. In a prior post, we discussed findings from our recent research paper which examines the impact of supervision on bank performance (see earlier post How Does Supervision Affect Banks?). As described in that post, we exploit new supervisory data and develop a novel strategy to estimate the impact of supervision on bank risk taking, earnings, and growth. We find that bank holding companies (BHCs or “banks”) that receive more supervisory attention have less risky loan ...
Liberty Street Economics
, Paper 20200408
Discussion Paper
Bitcoin Is Not a New Type of Money
Martin, Antoine; Lee, Michael Junho
(2020-06-18)
Bitcoin, and more generally, cryptocurrencies, are often described as a new type of money. In this post, we argue that this is a misconception. Bitcoin may be money, but it is not a new type of money. To see what is truly new about Bitcoin, it is useful to make a distinction between “money,” the asset that is being exchanged, and the “exchange mechanism,” that is, the method or process through which the asset is transferred. Doing so reveals that monies with properties similar to Bitcoin have existed for centuries. However, the ability to make electronic exchanges without a trusted ...
Liberty Street Economics
, Paper 20200618
Speech
Operating global, acting local
Dahlgren, Sarah J.
(2014-10-07)
Remarks at Institute of International Bankers Seminar on Risk Management and Regulatory/Examinations Compliance Issues, New York City.
Speech
, Paper 146
Speech
Testimony on improving financial institution supervision: examining and addressing regulatory capture
Dudley, William
(2014-11-25)
Testimony before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection Subcommittee.
Speech
, Paper 152
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E61 1 items
F10 1 items
F14 1 items
F16 1 items
F22 1 items
F3 1 items
F37 1 items
F38 1 items
F4 1 items
G19 1 items
G39 1 items
G41 1 items
G53 1 items
H11 1 items
H23 1 items
H24 1 items
H3 1 items
H32 1 items
H72 1 items
H75 1 items
H84 1 items
I15 1 items
J12 1 items
J16 1 items
J30 1 items
J7 1 items
K11 1 items
K12 1 items
K20 1 items
K22 1 items
K23 1 items
K38 1 items
K40 1 items
L26 1 items
L81 1 items
L86 1 items
L89 1 items
M13 1 items
M37 1 items
M42 1 items
M50 1 items
M52 1 items
M55 1 items
N26 1 items
O15 1 items
O30 1 items
O42 1 items
O47 1 items
P16 1 items
P48 1 items
Q15 1 items
Q51 1 items
R12 1 items
R2 1 items
R23 1 items
R3 1 items
R51 1 items
Z1 1 items
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FILTER BY Keywords
financial crisis 43 items
banks 39 items
Mortgages 34 items
Regulation 30 items
monetary policy 30 items
Mortgage 29 items
liquidity 25 items
Banking 24 items
systemic risk 24 items
financial stability 22 items
Bank lending 20 items
Bank regulation 16 items
securitization 14 items
Credit cards 13 items
Foreclosure 13 items
bank runs 13 items
mortgage default 13 items
Bank profits 12 items
Banks and banking 12 items
Household finance 12 items
Great Recession 11 items
Bank loans 11 items
Bankruptcy 11 items
credit supply 11 items
global banks 11 items
risk management 11 items
Bank assets 10 items
Payments 10 items
Risk 10 items
Bank capital 10 items
Credit risk 10 items
Small business lending 10 items
Consumption 9 items
Financial crises 9 items
bank supervision 9 items
fintech 9 items
heterogeneity 9 items
stress testing 9 items
Federal Reserve System 8 items
Interest rates 8 items
Housing 8 items
Stress tests 8 items
corporate governance 8 items
financial intermediation 8 items
mortgage finance 8 items
market discipline 7 items
monetary policy transmission 7 items
Consumer credit 7 items
Macroprudential policy 7 items
interbank market 7 items
Bank failures 7 items
bank risk 7 items
Basel III 6 items
Community Reinvestment Act 6 items
Delinquency 6 items
Fannie Mae 6 items
Freddie Mac 6 items
Great Depression 6 items
international banking 6 items
Capital Requirements 6 items
Contagion 6 items
Default 6 items
Employment 6 items
Lender of Last Resort 6 items
Mortgage loans 6 items
Operational Risk 6 items
Too big to fail 6 items
Unconventional Monetary Policy 6 items
financial institutions 6 items
leverage 6 items
bank holding companies 6 items
COVID-19 5 items
Federal Reserve 5 items
Financial Distress 5 items
Unbanked 5 items
business cycles 5 items
cost of capital 5 items
deposit insurance 5 items
house prices 5 items
housing boom 5 items
intermediation 5 items
liquidity regulation 5 items
money market funds 5 items
shadow banking 5 items
stress test 5 items
subprime 5 items
Bank Profitability 5 items
Banking Regulation 5 items
cross-border banking 5 items
quantitative easing 5 items
Appraisal 4 items
Bank mergers 4 items
Central Bank Digital Currency 4 items
Commercial real estate 4 items
Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 4 items
Credit 4 items
Discrimination 4 items
GSE 4 items
GSEs 4 items
Interbank markets 4 items
Mortgages and credit 4 items
QE 4 items
capital regulation 4 items
credit constraints 4 items
global games 4 items
household debt 4 items
letter of credit 4 items
loan sales 4 items
marketplace lending 4 items
supervision 4 items
Bank Credit 4 items
Bank lending channel 4 items
Credit default swaps 4 items
Credit scores 4 items
Financial regulation 4 items
Foreclosures 4 items
Monetary Transmission 4 items
Risk taking 4 items
Too-big-to-fail 4 items
bank competition 4 items
Bailouts 3 items
CARD Act 3 items
Capital 3 items
Central banking 3 items
Collateral 3 items
Consumer behavior 3 items
Credit Card 3 items
Electronic funds transfers 3 items
Fair lending 3 items
Federal Housing Administration 3 items
Fedwire 3 items
Financial constraints 3 items
Geography 3 items
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act 3 items
Homeownership 3 items
Information 3 items
MBS 3 items
Payment systems 3 items
Sovereign Debt 3 items
TARP 3 items
United States 3 items
antitrust 3 items
banking panics 3 items
credit boom 3 items
credit crunch 3 items
credit performance 3 items
crisis 3 items
debt 3 items
deferred cash compensation 3 items
deposit rates 3 items
diversification 3 items
fed funds 3 items
federal funds rate 3 items
government intervention 3 items
government-sponsored enterprises 3 items
housing finance 3 items
merger control 3 items
mergers and acquisitions 3 items
money market 3 items
moral hazard 3 items
mortgage servicing 3 items
multinational banks 3 items
negative equity 3 items
networks 3 items
overnight RRP 3 items
peer-to-peer lending 3 items
private information 3 items
reaching for yield 3 items
residential mortgages 3 items
risk-taking 3 items
technological change 3 items
trade finance 3 items
value at risk 3 items
wholesale funding 3 items
Bank size 3 items
adverse selection 3 items
asymmetric information 3 items
auto loans 3 items
bailout 3 items
BAPCPA 2 items
Bank equity 2 items
Bank-Sovereign Nexus 2 items
Banking conditions 2 items
Banking industry 2 items
Banking organizations 2 items
Banking panic 2 items
Banking structure 2 items
Banks and banking - Service charges 2 items
Basel capital ratios 2 items
Benchmarking 2 items
Branch 2 items
COFI 2 items
Commercial banks 2 items
Commercial loans 2 items
Common Ownership 2 items
Community banks 2 items
Construction 2 items
Consumer protection 2 items
Cost of funds 2 items
Counterparty risk 2 items
Credit Card Debt 2 items
Credit rationing 2 items
Credit scoring 2 items
Denmark 2 items
Digital currencies 2 items
Dodd-Frank 2 items
Early warning system 2 items
Emerging markets 2 items
Eurozone Crisis 2 items
FHA 2 items
FHA mortgages 2 items
Financial inclusion 2 items
Fixed-rate mortgage 2 items
HAMP 2 items
HARP 2 items
HELOC 2 items
Home Equity Conversion Mortgage 2 items
Institutional investors 2 items
Interbank Networks 2 items
Interest rate 2 items
International finance 2 items
LCR 2 items
LIBOR 2 items
Lending Channel 2 items
Lending standards 2 items
LendingClub 2 items
Lerner index 2 items
Limited deposit insurance coverage 2 items
Liquidity management 2 items
Monitoring 2 items
Mortgage crisis 2 items
National Banking system 2 items
Net interest margins 2 items
Organizational complexity 2 items
Over-the-counter markets 2 items
P2P lending 2 items
Pandemic 2 items
Price dispersion 2 items
Private money 2 items
Property Valuation 2 items
ROE 2 items
Recession 2 items
Regulations 2 items
Residential real estate 2 items
Small Business 2 items
Stigma 2 items
accelerated failure time model 2 items
allowances 2 items
bank performance 2 items
bank run 2 items
banking competition 2 items
banking crises 2 items
bargaining 2 items
beta 2 items
call loan rate 2 items
community banking 2 items
concentration 2 items
consumer preferences 2 items
contract enforcement 2 items
corporate bonds 2 items
covered bond 2 items
credit cycles 2 items
credit loss 2 items
credit risk transfer 2 items
cryptocurrencies 2 items
culture 2 items
cybersecurity 2 items
default spillovers 2 items
deposits 2 items
disclosure 2 items
disinflation 2 items
elder fraud 2 items
expected credit losses 2 items
exports 2 items
fair value accounting 2 items
federal funds 2 items
federal funds market 2 items
financial exploitation 2 items
financial fragility 2 items
financial innovation 2 items
financial networks 2 items
financial performance 2 items
financial shocks 2 items
fire sales 2 items
firm growth 2 items
firm productivity 2 items
first-time homebuyers 2 items
foreclosure timelines 2 items
global banking 2 items
government policy 2 items
home prices 2 items
housing cycle 2 items
housing prices 2 items
incentive compensation 2 items
incentives 2 items
interbank lending 2 items
interconnectedness 2 items
interest on excess reserves 2 items
investment 2 items
liquidity risk 2 items
loan spreads 2 items
local-bank health 2 items
loss-given default (LGD) 2 items
macroprudential regulation 2 items
managerial incentives 2 items
market power 2 items
maturity transformation 2 items
model risk 2 items
money 2 items
mortgage lending 2 items
mortgage modification 2 items
mortgage refinancing 2 items
natural disasters 2 items
nonparametric regression 2 items
online alternative lenders 2 items
optimal deposit contract 2 items
portfolio similarity 2 items
prepayment 2 items
private label 2 items
procyclicality 2 items
real estate 2 items
refinancing 2 items
regression discontinuity design 2 items
regulatory changes 2 items
relationship lending 2 items
repo 2 items
reserves 2 items
resolution 2 items
retirement planning 2 items
reverse repo 2 items
revolving credit 2 items
scale 2 items
search frictions 2 items
securities 2 items
shadow banks 2 items
shock transmission 2 items
sovereign risk 2 items
spillovers 2 items
sticky prices 2 items
student loans 2 items
syndicated loans 2 items
syndication 2 items
time consistency 2 items
transmission 2 items
undercapitalized banks 2 items
unemployment 2 items
zombie lending 2 items
Adjustable-Rate Mortgage 2 items
Bank Concentration 2 items
Bank Failure 2 items
1918 Spanish influenza 1 items
1918 influenza 1 items
ABCP freeze 1 items
AML 1 items
AML/BSA 1 items
ARMs 1 items
Accounting policy 1 items
Accounting rule change 1 items
Acquisitions 1 items
Advertising 1 items
Ag Credit Survey 1 items
Agency MBS 1 items
Agency problem 1 items
Agricultural credit 1 items
Agriculture 1 items
Algorithmic decision-making 1 items
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses 1 items
Alt-A 1 items
Alternative Data 1 items
Alternative asset classes 1 items
Alternative financial services (AFS) 1 items
Antitrust law 1 items
Approval 1 items
Arbitrage 1 items
Asset pricing 1 items
Asset-backed commercial paper 1 items
Assortative matching 1 items
Auto sales 1 items
Automatic Modification with a Cushion 1 items
Automatic modification mortgages with cushions 1 items
BHC 1 items
BIS consolidated banking statistics 1 items
BSA/AML 1 items
Backtesting 1 items
Balance sheet policy 1 items
Baltimore 1 items
Bank Contagion 1 items
Bank Credit Supply 1 items
Bank Funding 1 items
Bank Interventions 1 items
Bank Mortgage Credit 1 items
Bank Wholesale Funding 1 items
Bank balance sheet management 1 items
Bank balance sheets 1 items
Bank capital ratios 1 items
Bank capital regulation 1 items
Bank complexity 1 items
Bank credit channels 1 items
Bank debt 1 items
Bank deposits 1 items
Bank deregulation 1 items
Bank entry 1 items
Bank financial position 1 items
Bank financial soundness 1 items
Bank holdings 1 items
Bank industry dynamics 1 items
Bank leverage 1 items
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