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Discussion Paper
Introducing the Revised Broad Treasuries Financing Rate
Cambron, Alyssa; Cipriani, Marco; Sherman, Scott; Copeland, Adam; Bayeux, Kathryn; Solimine, Brett (2017-06-19)
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York, in cooperation with the Office of Financial Research, is proposing to publish three new overnight Treasury repurchase (repo) benchmark rates. Recently, the Federal Reserve decided to modify the construction of the broadest proposed benchmark rate (the other two proposed rates are expected to remain unchanged; see the Bank?s announcement on May 24). In this post, we describe the changes to this rate in further detail. We compare this revised rate to the originally proposed benchmark rate and show that, in the post-liftoff period, it trades higher, on ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20170619

Discussion Paper
Market Liquidity after the Financial Crisis
Shachar, Or; Adrian, Tobias; Fleming, Michael J. (2017-06-28)
The possible adverse effects of regulation on market liquidity in the post-crisis period continue to garner significant attention. In a recent paper, we update and unify much of our earlier work on the subject, following up on three series of earlier Liberty Street Economics posts in August 2015, October 2015, and February 2016. We find that dealer balance sheets have continued to stagnate and that various measures point to less abundant funding liquidity. Nonetheless, we do not find clear evidence of a widespread deterioration in market liquidity.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20170628

Discussion Paper
Regulatory Incentives and Quarter-End Dynamics in the Repo Market
Martin, Antoine; Egelhof, James; Zinsmeister, Noah (2017-08-07)
Since the global financial crisis, central bankers and other prudential authorities have been working to design and implement new banking regulations, known as Basel III, to reduce risk in the financial sector. Although most features of the Basel III regime are implemented consistently across jurisdictions, some important details vary. In particular, banks headquartered in the euro area, Switzerland, and Japan report their leverage ratios?essentially, capital divided by total consolidated assets?as a snapshot of their value on the last day of the quarter. In contrast, institutions ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20170807

Discussion Paper
Investor Diversity and Liquidity in the Secondary Loan Market
Shao, Pei; Santos, Joao A. C. (2017-08-09)
Over the last two decades, the U.S. secondary loan market has evolved from a relatively sleepy market dominated by banks and insurance companies that trade only occasionally to a more active market comprising a diversified set of institutional investors, including collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), loan mutual funds, hedge funds, pension funds, brokers, and private equity firms. This shift resulted from the growing presence of these investors in the syndicates of corporate loans, as shown in the chart below. In 1991 the average term loan had just two different types of investors; by 2013 ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20170809

Discussion Paper
The Treasury Market Practices Group: A Consequential First Decade
Mithal, Radhika; Keane, Frank M.; Garbade, Kenneth D. (2017-09-26)
The Treasury Market Practices Group (TMPG) was formed in February 2007 in response to the appearance of some questionable trading practices in the secondary market for U.S. Treasury securities. (A history of the origins of the TMPG is available here.) Left unaddressed, the practices threatened to harm the efficiency and integrity of an essential global benchmark market. The Group responded by identifying and publicizing ?best practices? in trading Treasury securities?a statement of behavioral norms intended to maintain a level and competitive playing field for all market participants. The ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20170926

Discussion Paper
Excess Funding Capacity in Tri-Party Repo
Zinsmeister, Noah; Copeland, Adam; Selig, Ira (2017-10-02)
Security dealers sometimes enter into tri-party repo contracts to fund one class of securities with the expectation they will wind up settling the contract with higher quality securities. This strategy is costly to dealers because they could have borrowed funds at lower rates had they agreed to use the higher-quality securities at the outset. So why do dealers do this? Why obtain or arrange excess funding for the initial asset class? In this post, we discuss possible rationales for an excess funding strategy and measure the extent of excess funding capacity in the tri-party repo market. In a ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20171002

Discussion Paper
The Cost and Duration of Excess Funding Capacity in Tri-Party Repo
Copeland, Adam; Zinsmeister, Noah; Selig, Ira (2017-10-04)
In a previous post, we showed that dealers sometimes enter into tri-party repo contracts to acquire excess funding capacity, and that this strategy is most prevalent for the agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and equity asset classes. In this post, we examine the maturity of the repos used to pursue this strategy and estimate the associated costs. We find that repos that generate excess funding capacity for equities and corporate debt have longer maturities than the average repo involving either of these asset classes. Furthermore, the premiums dealers pay to maintain excess funding ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20171004

Discussion Paper
The Low Volatility Puzzle: Are Investors Complacent?
Lucca, David O.; Roberts, Daniel; Van Tassel, Peter (2017-11-13)
In recent months, some analysts and policymakers have raised concerns about the unusually low level of stock market volatility. For example, in the June Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) minutes ?a few participants expressed concern that subdued market volatility, coupled with a low equity premium, could lead to a buildup of risks to financial stability.? In this post, we review this concern and find the evidence on investor complacency is mixed. On one hand, we present a view suggesting that historical volatility may have been abnormally high, rather than current volatility being ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20171113

Discussion Paper
The Low Volatility Puzzle: Is This Time Different?
Roberts, Daniel; Van Tassel, Peter; Lucca, David O. (2017-11-15)
As stock market volatility hovers near all-time lows, some analysts are questioning whether investors are complacent, drawing an analogy to the lead-up to the financial crisis. But, is this time different? We follow up on our previous post by investigating the persistence of low volatility periods. Historically, realized stock market volatility is persistent and mean-reverting: low volatility today predicts slightly higher, but still low, volatility one month and one year from now. Moreover, as of mid-September, the market is pricing implied volatility of 19 percent in one to two years? time. ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20171115

Discussion Paper
What Makes a Safe Asset Safe?
Infante, Sebastian; Eisenbach, Thomas M. (2017-11-27)
Over the last decade, the concept of ?safe assets? has received increasing attention, from regulators and private market participants, as well as researchers. This attention has led to the uncovering of some important details and nuances of what makes an asset ?safe? and why it matters. In this blog post, we provide a review of the different aspects of safe assets, discuss possible reasons why they may be beneficial for investors, and give concrete examples of what these assets are in practice.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20171127

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