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Discussion Paper
Mismatch of Jobs and People: Do Migration Constraints Put Racial Minorities at a Disadvantage?
Hotchkiss, Julie L.; Burns, Kalee (2020-06-14)
Using the American Community Survey between 2005 and 2017, this article explores the evidence for potential migration constraints by comparing distributions of people and jobs across race and education. Using the Delta Index of dissimilarity, it illustrates a greater distributional mismatch between workers and jobs among racial minorities, relative to White non-Hispanics. This mismatch suggests greater migration constraints among racial minorities.
Policy Hub* , Paper 2020-6

Discussion Paper
Racial Differences in Mortgage Refinancing, Distress, and Housing Wealth Accumulation during COVID-19
Lambie-Hanson, Lauren; Gerardi, Kristopher; Willen, Paul S. (2021-06-22)
The COVID-19 pandemic was characterized by both high refinancing volumes and high rates of mortgage nonpayment. Refinancing activity differed significantly across racial and ethnic groups, and we show that the benefits from the lower interest rate environment were not shared equally. Compared to white borrowers, Black and Hispanic mortgage borrowers experienced higher rates of nonpayment, which reflected both a greater transition into nonpayment status for Black and Hispanic borrowers and a lower likelihood of resuming payments. However, strong house price appreciation in recent years, ...
Policy Hub* , Paper 2021-06

Journal Article
Lessons Learned from Mortgage Borrower Policies and Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Lambie-Hanson, Lauren; Gerardi, Kristopher; Willen, Paul S. (2022-07-07)
This article evaluates how the most important policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic affected the US mortgage market. In particular, we consider the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act of 2020; the follow-on American Rescue Plan (ARP) Act of 2021, which extended many of the provisions in the CARES Act; and the Federal Reserve's large-scale asset purchase (LSAP) program that was announced in March 2020. Our analysis considers both the aggregate effects and the distributional effects of these policies on mortgage borrowers. Overall, we find that pandemic-era ...
Policy Hub , Volume 2022 , Issue 9

Journal Article
Payment Card Adoption and Payment Choice
Greene, Claire; Shy, Oz (2022-07-11)
Using data from the 2021 Diary of Consumer Payment Choice, this article investigates two questions: how do consumers without credit or debit cards make payments, and do consumers without these payment cards differ from other consumers?
Policy Hub , Volume 2022 , Issue 10

Journal Article
How US Consumers without Bank Accounts Make Payments
Greene, Claire; Shy, Oz (2023-01-11)
Using data from the 2021 Survey and Diary of Consumer Payment Choice, this article investigates two questions: What payment instruments do consumers without bank accounts adopt? How do these consumers make payments?
Policy Hub , Volume 2023 , Issue 1

Journal Article
Racial Differences in Mortgage Refinancing, Distress, and Housing Wealth Accumulation during COVID-19
Lambie-Hanson, Lauren; Gerardi, Kristopher; Willen, Paul S. (2021-06-22)
The COVID-19 pandemic was characterized by both high refinancing volumes and high rates of mortgage nonpayment. Refinancing activity differed significantly across racial and ethnic groups, and we show that the benefits from the lower interest rate environment were not shared equally. Compared to white borrowers, Black and Hispanic mortgage borrowers experienced higher rates of nonpayment, which reflected both a greater transition into nonpayment status for Black and Hispanic borrowers and a lower likelihood of resuming payments. However, strong house price appreciation in recent years, ...
Policy Hub , Volume 2021 , Issue 6 , Pages 40

Journal Article
Mismatch of Jobs and People: Do Migration Constraints Put Racial Minorities at a Disadvantage?
Hotchkiss, Julie L.; Burns, Kalee (2020-06-12)
Using the American Community Survey between 2005 and 2017, this article explores the evidence for potential migration constraints by comparing distributions of people and jobs across race and education. Using the Delta Index of dissimilarity, it illustrates a greater distributional mismatch between workers and jobs among racial minorities, relative to White non-Hispanics. This mismatch suggests greater migration constraints among racial minorities.
Policy Hub , Volume 2020 , Issue 6 , Pages 19

Discussion Paper
Mind the Gap: How Do Credit Market Experiences and Borrowing Patterns Differ for Minority-Owned Firms?
Barkely, Brett; Robb, Alicia M.; de Zeeuw, Mels (2018-09-01)
Given the relationship between a small business’s access to financing and its outcomes, and given the growing share of minorities in the U.S. population, it is important that creditworthy firms and entrepreneurs, irrespective of race or ethnicity, are able to secure adequate financial resources to achieve growth and success. This paper employs data from the Federal Reserve System’s 2016 Small Business Credit Survey to explore under what conditions credit market experiences differ for various racial and ethnic ownership groups of small employer firms.The authors find evidence for ...
FRB Atlanta Community and Economic Development Discussion Paper , Paper 2018-03

Working Paper
Migration Constraints and Disparate Responses to Changing Job Opportunities
Hotchkiss, Julie L.; Burns, Kalee (2019-02-11)
Using the Current Population Survey between 1996 and 2018, this paper investigates the role constraints to migration might play in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the labor market. The Delta Index of dissimilarity is used to illustrate a greater distributional mismatch between race/education specific workers and jobs among minorities relative to white non-Hispanics. Regression analysis then shows that this mismatch is consistent with minorities being less responsive to changes in the distribution of job opportunities. However, minorities are more responsive when the growing job ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2019-1

Working Paper
Does Access to Free Pre-Kindergarten Increase Maternal Labor Supply?
Shampine, Sam; Terry, Ellyn; Ilin, Elias (2022-02-02)
In this paper, we evaluate the effects of free pre-kindergarten (pre-K) programs on the labor force participation (LFP) of mothers. We use variation in pre-K rules across all US states, including income eligibility requirements in some states. To estimate the causal effects of access to pre-K on labor supply, we exploit the panel aspect of the monthly Current Population Survey between 2002 and 2019. Specifically, we look at the change in labor market behavior of women when their child becomes age-eligible for pre-K, controlling for individual factors. We find that access to free pre-K ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2022-3

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