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Journal Article
Deferred cash compensation: enhancing stability in the financial services industry
Mehran, Hamid; Tracy, Joseph (2016-08)
Employees in financial firms are compensated for creating value for the firm, but firms themselves also serve a public interest. This tension can lead to issues that could impose a significant risk to the firm and the public. The authors describe three channels through which deferred cash compensation can mitigate such risk: by promoting a conservative approach to risk, by inducing internal monitoring, and by creating a liquidity buffer. Ultimately, the net contribution of deferred cash pay to financial stability is the sum of the effects of the three channels. The authors argue that a ...
Economic Policy Review , Issue Aug , Pages 61-75

Working Paper
A Critical Review of the Common Ownership Literature
Gerardi, Kristopher; Lowry, Michelle; Schenone, Carola (2023-11-08)
The rapid growth in index funds and significant consolidation in the asset-management industry over the past few decades has led to higher levels of common ownership and increased attention on the topic by academic researchers. A consensus has yet to emerge from the literature regarding the consequences of increased common ownership on firm behavior and market outcomes. Given the potential implications for firms and investors alike, it is perhaps not surprising that policymakers, legal scholars, finance and accounting academics, and practitioners have all taken a keen interest in the subject. ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2023-17

Working Paper
Assessing the Common Ownership Hypothesis in the US Banking Industry
Grundl, Serafin J.; Gramlich, Jacob P. (2024-07-12)
The common ownership hypothesis (COH) states that firms with common shareholders, primarily large asset managers, compete less aggressively with each other. The U.S. banking industry is well suited to assess the common ownership hypothesis, because thousands of private banks without common ownership (CO) compete with hundreds of public banks with high and increasing levels of CO. This paper assesses the COH in the banking industry using more comprehensive ownership data than previous studies. In simple comparisons of raw deposit rate averages we document that the deposit rates of public banks ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2024-022r1

Report
How do stock repurchases affect bank holding company performance?
Hirtle, Beverly (2001-04-01)
Using data from bank holding company regulatory reports, we examine the relationship between stock repurchases and financial performance for a large sample of bank holding companies over the years 1987 to 1998. The primary result is that higher levels of repurchases in one year are associated with higher profitability and a lower share of problem loans in the subsequent year. This finding is robust to several different ways of measuring share repurchase activity. Our results appear to be driven primarily by bank holding companies with publicly traded stock, especially those companies whose ...
Staff Reports , Paper 123

Working Paper
The Effect of Common Ownership on Profits : Evidence From the U.S. Banking Industry
Gramlich, Jacob P.; Grundl, Serafin J. (2018-10-03)
Theory predicts that "common ownership" (ownership of rivals by a common shareholder) can be anticompetitive because it reduces the weight firms place on their own profits and shifts weight toward rival firms held by common shareholders. In this paper we use accounting data from the banking industry to examine empirically whether shifts in the profit weights are associated with shifts in profits. We present the distribution of a wide range of estimates that vary the specification, sample restrictions, and assumptions used to calculate the profit weights. The distribution of estimates is ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2018-069

Working Paper
Common Ownership Does Not Have Anti-Competitive Effects in the Airline Industry
Gerardi, Kristopher S.; Dennis, Patrick; Schenone, Carola (2019-07-01)
Institutional investors often own significant equity in firms that compete in the same product market. These "common owners" may have an incentive to coordinate the actions of firms that would otherwise be competing rivals, leading to anti-competitive pricing. This paper uses data on airline ticket prices to test whether common owners induce anti-competitive pricing behavior. We find little evidence to support such a hypothesis, and show that the positive relationship between average ticket prices and a commonly used measure of common ownership previously documented in the literature is ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2019-15

Working Paper
The Impact of Merger Legislation on Bank Mergers
Spagnolo, Giancarlo; Ongena, Steven; Carletti, Elena; Siedlarek, Jan-Peter (2016-06-01)
We find that stricter merger control legislation increases abnormal announcement returns of targets in bank mergers by 7 percentage points. Analyzing potential explanations for this result, we document an increase in the pre-merger profitability of targets, a decrease in the size of acquirers, and a decreasing share of transactions in which banks are acquired by other banks. Other merger properties, including the size and risk profile of targets, the geographic overlap of merging banks, and the stock market response of rivals appear unaffected. The evidence suggests that the strengthening of ...
Working Papers (Old Series) , Paper 1614

Working Paper
Gender and Professional Networks on Bank Boards
Owen, Ann L.; Temesvary, Judit; Wei, Andrew (2021-08-23)
Women are underrepresented on bank boards. Using a newly compiled dataset of bank board membership over the 1999-2018 period, we find that within-board professional networks are extensive, but female board members are significantly less connected than male directors, both in number and length of connections. We also find that professional networks play an important role in determining the appointment of bank board directors. Connections also positively impact compensation for female directors, especially connections to other women. These results suggest that there are differences in the ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2021-021r1

Working Paper
Sectoral Loan Concentration and Bank Performance (2001-2014)
Regehr, Kristen; Sengupta, Rajdeep (2016-11-01)
Sectoral loan concentration is an important factor in bank performance. We develop a measure of sectoral loan concentration and study how community bank performance and the size-performance relationship vary with loan concentration and changes in loan concentration. The size-profitability relationship varies with concentration in the residential real-estate (RRE) sector. Higher RRE concentration is associated with lower returns especially for larger community banks?banks with assets totaling a billion or more. Concentration in other sectors, such as agriculture and commercial real estate ...
Research Working Paper , Paper RWP 16-13

Working Paper
Causal Impact of Risk Oversight Functions on Bank Risk: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Daniel, Naveen; Naveen, Lalitha; Haubrich, Joseph G.; Balasubramanyan, Lakshmi (2019-01-10)
Our goal is to document the causal impact of having a board-level risk committee (RC) and a management-level executive designated as chief risk officer (CRO) on bank risk. The Dodd Frank Act requires bank holding companies with over $10 billion of assets to have an RC, while those with over $50 billion of assets are additionally required to have a CRO to oversee risk management. The innovation that allows us to document a causal impact is our research design. First, we use the passage of the Dodd Frank Act as a natural experiment that forced noncompliant firms to adopt an RC and appoint a ...
Working Papers , Paper 19-01

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