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Journal Article
What Determines Debt Maturity?
Manuelli, Rodolfo E. (2019)
What determines the maturity structure of debt? In this article, I develop a simple model to explore how the optimal maturity of debt issued by a firm (or a country) depends both on the firm?s cyclical state and other features of the economic environment in which it operates. I find that firms with better current earnings and better growth prospects issue debt with longer maturity, while firms operating in more-volatile environments issue debt with shorter maturity. Yield to maturity is a poor indicator of the risk of debt issued by a firm. The reason is simple: Yield to maturity captures ...
Review , Volume 101 , Issue 3 , Pages 155-176

Working Paper
Incentive Contracting Under Ambiguity Aversion
Liu, Qi; Sun, Bo; Lu, Lei (2017-02)
This paper studies a principal-agent model in which the information on future firm performance is ambiguous and the agent is averse to ambiguity. We show that if firm risk is ambiguous, while stocks always induce the agent to perceive a high risk, options can induce him to perceive a low risk. As a result, options can be less costly in incentivizing the agent than stocks in the presence of ambiguity. In addition, we show that providing the agent with more incentives would induce the agent to perceive a higher risk, and there is a discontinuous jump in the compensation cost as incentives ...
International Finance Discussion Papers , Paper 1195

Working Paper
Pipeline Risk in Leveraged Loan Syndication
Bruche, Max; Meisenzahl, Ralf R.; Malherbe, Frederic (2017-04-06)
Leveraged term loans are typically arranged by banks but distributed to institutional investors. Using novel data, we find that to elicit investors' willingness to pay, arrangers expose themselves to pipeline risk: They have to retain larger shares when investors are willing to pay less than expected. We argue that the retention of such problematic loans creates a debt overhang problem. Consistent with this, we find that the materialization of pipeline risk for an arranger reduces its subsequent arranging and lending activity. Aggregate time series exhibit a similar pattern, which suggests ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2017-048

Report
How Firms’ Perceptions of Geopolitical Risk Affect Investment
Shen, Leslie Sheng (2025-02-13)
Geopolitical risk has intensified in recent years, driven by events such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, escalating tensions between the United States and China, and conflicts in the Middle East. But how risky is the geopolitical landscape according to US firms? This brief presents a new index based on earnings call transcripts that reflects US firms’ perceptions of geopolitical risk and examines how those assessments affect their future investment, that is, their spending on long-term assets such as facilities, equipment, and technology.
Current Policy Perspectives , Paper 25-3

Working Paper
Uncertainty, Stock Prices and Debt Structure: Evidence from the U.S.-China Trade War
Ozdagli, Ali; Wang, Jianlin (2022-08-19)
Using the recent U.S.-China trade war as a laboratory, we show that policy uncertainty shocks have a significant impact on stock prices. This impact is less negative for firms that heavily rely on bank debt whereas non-bank debt does not have a mitigating effect. Moreover, the mitigating effect of bank debt is concentrated among zombie firms. A zombie firm that derives half of its capital from bank debt has no negative stock price reaction to increased uncertainty. These results are consistent with bank debt providing insurance for zombie firms in bad economic times.
Working Papers , Paper 2212

Working Paper
Do Costly Internal Equity Injections Reveal Bank Expectations about Post-Crisis Real Outcomes?
Gupta, Arun; Sapriza, Horacio (2022-12-21)
We construct a novel signal of bank expectations utilizing confidential data and a regulatory constraint imposed on bank internal capital markets during the 2008 crisis that made internal equity injections to commercial bank subsidiaries difficult to reverse. When the US government initiated a $176 billion recapitalization program during the crisis, this constraint made it costly ex-ante for multi-bank holding companies (MBHC) to use these funds for the purpose of recapitalizing subsidiaries against future anticipated losses; in contrast, lending the funds to subsidiaries was exempt from the ...
Working Paper , Paper 23-03

Working Paper
How Private Equity Fuels Non-Bank Lending
Haque, Sharjil M.; Mayer, Simon; Wang, Teng (2024-03-29)
We show how private equity (PE) buyouts fuel loan sales and non-bank participation in the U.S. syndicated loan market. Combining loan-level data from the Shared National Credit register with buyout deals from Pitchbook, we find that PE-backed loans feature lower bank monitoring, lower loan shares retained by the lead bank, and more loan sales to non-bank financial intermediaries. For PE-backed loans, the sponsor's reputation and the strength of its relationship with the lead bank further reduce the lead bank's retained share and monitoring. Our results suggest that PE sponsor engagement ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2024-015

Working Paper
Options, Equity Risks, and the Value of Capital Structure Adjustments
Yang, Jie; Borochin, Paul (2016-10)
We use exchange-traded options to identify risks relevant to capital structure adjustments in firms. These forward-looking market-based risk measures provide significant explanatory power in predicting net leverage changes in excess of accounting data. They matter most during contractionary periods and for growth firms. We form market-based indices that capture firms' magnitudes of, and propensity for, net leverage increases. Firms with larger predicted leverage increases outperform firms with lower predicted increases by 3.1% to 3.9% per year in buy-and-hold abnormal returns. Finally, ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2016-097

Working Paper
Analysis of Multiple Long Run Relations in Panel Data Models with Applications to Financial Ratios
Chudik, Alexander; Pesaran, M. Hashem; Smith, Ron P. (2025-08-20)
This paper provides a new methodology for the analysis of multiple long-run relations in panel data models where the cross-section dimension, n, is large relative to the time-series dimension, T. For panel data models with large n, researchers have focused on panels with a single long-run relationship. The main difficulty has been to eliminate short-run dynamics without generating significant uncertainty for identification of the long run. We overcome this problem by using non-overlapping sub-sample time averages as deviations from their full-sample counterpart and estimating the number of ...
Working Papers , Paper 2523

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