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Discussion Paper
Evolution in Bank Complexity
McAndrews, James J.; Cetorelli, Nicola; Traina, James (2014-03-28)
In yesterday’s post, our colleagues discussed the historic changes in financial sector size. Here, we tackle a related question on dynamics—how has bank complexity evolved through time? Recently, academics and policymakers have proposed a variety of strong actions to curb bank complexity, stemming from the view that complex banks are undesirable. While the large banks of today are certainly complex, we lack a thorough understanding of how they got that way. In this post and in our related contribution to the Economic Policy Review (EPR) volume, we focus on organizational complexity, ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20140328

Discussion Paper
Herd Behavior in Financial Markets
Cipriani, Marco; Guarino, Antonio (2015-03-09)
Over the last twenty-five years, there has been a lot of interest in herd behavior in financial markets—that is, a trader’s decision to disregard her private information to follow the behavior of the crowd. A large theoretical literature has identified abstract mechanisms through which herding can arise, even in a world where people are fully rational. Until now, however, the empirical work on herding has been completely disconnected from this theoretical analysis; it simply looked for statistical evidence of trade clustering and, when that evidence was present, interpreted the clustering ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20150309

Discussion Paper
Understanding the Interbank GCF Repo® Market
Adenbaum, Jacob; Martin, Antoine; Selig, Ira; Hubbs, David (2016-05-03)
In this post, we provide a different perspective on the General Collateral Finance (GCF) Repo market. Instead of looking at the market as a whole, as we did in our previous post , or breaking it down by type of dealer, as we did in this primer, we disaggregate interbank activity by clearing bank and by collateral class. This perspective highlights the most traded collateral and the extent to which dealers at a clearing bank are net borrowers or net lenders. This view of the market is informative given the proposed changes announced recently by the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20160503a

Discussion Paper
The Impact of the Corporate Credit Facilities
Boyarchenko, Nina; Kovner, Anna; Shachar, Or (2020-10-01)
American companies have raised almost $1 trillion in the U.S. corporate bond market since March. If companies had been unable to refinance those bonds, their inability to repay may have led to an immediate default on all of their obligations, creating a cascade of defaults and layoffs. Based on Compustat data, an inability to access public bond markets could have affected companies employing more than 16 million people. In this post, we document the impact of the Primary Market and Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facilities (PMCCF and SMCCF) on bond market functioning, summarizing a ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20201001

Discussion Paper
Enhancing Monitoring of NBFI Exposure: The Case of Open-End Funds
Cetorelli, Nicola; Sarkar, Debashish (2023-04-18)
Non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) have grown steadily over the last two decades, becoming important providers of financial intermediation services. As NBFIs naturally interact with banking institutions in many markets and provide a wide range of services, banks may develop significant direct exposures stemming from these counterparty relationships. However, banks may be also exposed to NBFIs indirectly, simply by virtue of commonality in asset holdings. This post and its companion piece focus on this indirect form of exposure and propose ways to identify and quantify such ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20230418a

Discussion Paper
Banks’ Balance-Sheet Costs and ON RRP Investment
Afonso, Gara; Cipriani, Marco; Huang, Catherine; La Spada, Gabriele (2023-05-18)
Daily investment at the Federal Reserve’s Overnight Reverse Repo (ON RRP) facility increased from a few billion dollars in March 2021 to more than $2.3 trillion in June 2022 and has stayed above $2 trillion since then. In this post, which is based on a recent staff report, we discuss two channels—a deposit channel and a wholesale short-term debt channel—through which banks’ balance-sheet costs have increased investment by money market mutual funds (MMFs) in the ON RRP facility.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20230518

Discussion Paper
How Liquid Is the New 20-Year Treasury Bond?
Fleming, Michael J.; Ruela, Francisco (2020-07-01)
On May 20, the U.S. Department of the Treasury sold a 20-year bond for the first time since 1986. In announcing the reintroduction, Treasury said it would issue the bond in a regular and predictable manner and in benchmark size, thereby creating an additional liquidity point along the Treasury yield curve. But just how liquid is the new bond? In this post, we take a first look at the bond’s behavior, evaluating its trading activity and liquidity using a short sample of data since the bond’s introduction.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20200701

Discussion Paper
How Does Zombie Credit Affect Inflation? Lessons from Europe
Eisert, Tim; Acharya, Viral V.; Crosignani, Matteo; Eufinger, Christian (2020-12-22)
Even after the unprecedented stimulus by central banks in Europe following the global financial crisis, Europe’s economic growth and inflation have remained depressed, consistently undershooting projections. In a striking resemblance to Japan’s “lost decades,” the European economy has been recently characterized by persistently low interest rates and the provision of cheap bank credit to impaired firms, or “zombie credit.” In this post, based on a recent staff report, we propose a “zombie credit channel” that links the rise of zombie credit to dis-inflationary pressures.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20201222

Discussion Paper
Banking the Unbanked: The Past and Future of the Free Checking Account
Berre, Stein; Blickle, Kristian S.; Chakrabarti, Rajashri (2021-06-30)
About one in twenty American households are unbanked (meaning they do not have a demand deposit or checking account) and many more are underbanked (meaning they do not have the range of bank-provided financial services they need). Unbanked and underbanked households are more likely to be lower-income households and households of color. Inadequate access to financial services pushes the unbanked to use high-cost alternatives for their transactional needs and can also hinder access to credit when households need it. That, in turn, can have adverse effects on the financial health, educational ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20210630a

Discussion Paper
On Fire-Sale Externalities, TARP Was Close to Optimal
Eisenbach, Thomas M.; Duarte, Fernando M. (2014-04-15)
Imagine that many large and levered banks suffer heavy losses and must quickly sell assets to reduce their leverage. We expect the market price of the assets sold to decline, at least temporarily. As a result, any other financial institutions that happen to hold the same assets will experience balance sheet losses through no fault of their own —a negative fire-sale externality. In this post, we show that the vulnerability to fire-sale externalities was high during the crisis and that the capital injections of the government’s Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) helped reduce it ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20140415

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