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Working Paper
Macroeconomic Effects of China's Financial Policies
Zha, Tao; Chen, Kaiji (2018-11-01)
The Chinese economy has undergone three major phases: the 1978?97 period marked as the SOE-led economy, the 1998?2015 phase as the investment-driven economy, and the new normal economy since 2016. All three economies have been shaped by the government financial policies, defined as a set of credit policy, monetary policy, and regulatory policy. We analyze the macroeconomic effects of these financial policies throughout the three phases and provide the stylized facts to substantiate our analysis. The stylized facts differ qualitatively across different phases or economies. We argue that the ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2018-12

Working Paper
Perturbation methods for Markov-switching DSGE models
Rubio-Ramirez, Juan F.; Waggoner, Daniel F.; Foerster, Andrew T.; Zha, Tao (2014-08-01)
Markov-switching DSGE (MSDSGE) modeling has become a growing body of literature on economic and policy issues related to structural shifts. This paper develops a general perturbation methodology for constructing high-order approximations to the solutions of MSDSGE models. Our new method, called "the partition perturbation method," partitions the Markov-switching parameter space to keep a maximum number of time-varying parameters from perturbation. For this method to work in practice, we show how to reduce the potentially intractable problem of solving MSDSGE models to the manageable problem ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2014-16

Working Paper
Trends and cycles in China's macroeconomy
Waggoner, Daniel F.; Zha, Tao; Chang, Chun; Chen, Kaiji (2015-06-01)
We make four contributions in this paper. First, we provide a core of macroeconomic time series usable for systematic research on China. Second, we document, through various empirical methods, the robust findings about striking patterns of trend and cycle. Third, we build a theoretical model that accounts for these facts. Fourth, the model's mechanism and assumptions are corroborated by institutional details, disaggregated data, and banking time series, all of which are distinctive Chinese characteristics. We argue that preferential credit policy for promoting heavy industries accounts for ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2015-5

Working Paper
The rescue of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Vickery, James; Tracy, Joseph; Frame, W. Scott; Fuster, Andreas (2015-03-01)
We describe and evaluate the measures taken by the U.S. government to rescue Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in September 2008. We begin by outlining the business model of these two firms and their role in the U.S. housing finance system. Our focus then turns to the sources of financial distress that the firms experienced and the events that ultimately led the government to take action in an effort to stabilize housing and financial markets. We describe the various resolution options available to policymakers at the time and evaluate the success of the choice of conservatorship, and other actions ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2015-2

Working Paper
A Framework for Understanding the Vulnerabilities of New Money-Like Products
Perez-Sangimino, JP; Swem, Nathan; McCabe, Patrick E.; Anadu, Kenechukwu E. (2026-01-01)
New money-like products, such as tokenized money market funds (MMFs), money market exchange-traded funds (MMETFs), and stablecoins, could be transformative for finance. These products may offer significant benefits, but like other money-like assets, they also have certain vulnerabilities. We introduce a framework to analyze the vulnerabilities of new products by comparing their features to those that contribute to vulnerabilities in MMFs. Specifically, we examine the extent to which each product engages in liquidity transformation, is subject to threshold effects, serves as a money-like ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper SRA 26-01

Working Paper
A Framework for Understanding the Vulnerabilities of New Money-Like Products
Perez-Sangimino, JP; Swem, Nathan; McCabe, Patrick E.; Anadu, Kenechukwu E. (2026-06-22)
New money-like products, such as tokenized money market funds (MMFs), money market exchange-traded funds (MMETFs), and stablecoins, could be transformative for finance. These products may offer significant benefits, but like other money-like assets, they also have certain vulnerabilities. We introduce a framework to analyze the vulnerabilities of new products by comparing their features to those that contribute to vulnerabilities in MMFs. Specifically, we examine the extent to which each product engages in liquidity transformation, is subject to threshold effects, serves as a money-like ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper SRA 26-01 (revised)

Working Paper
Global banking and international business cycles
Kollmann, Robert; Müller, Gernot J.; Enders, Zeno (2011)
This paper incorporates a global bank into a two-country business-cycle model. The bank collects deposits from households and makes loans to entrepreneurs, in both countries. It has to finance a fraction of loans using equity. We investigate how such a bank capital requirement affects the international transmission of productivity and loan default shocks. Three findings emerge. First, the bank's capital requirement has little effect on the international transmission of productivity shocks. Second, the contribution of loan default shocks to business cycle fluctuations is negligible under ...
Globalization Institute Working Papers , Paper 72

Working Paper
The cyclicality of (bilateral) capital inflows and outflows
Davis, J. Scott (2015-08-01)
Recent research has shown that gross capital inflows and outflows are positively correlated and highly procyclical. This poses a puzzle since most theory predicts that capital inflows and outflows should be negatively correlated, and while capital inflows should be procyclical, capital outflows should be countercyclical. This previous work has examined the behavior of aggregate capital inflows and outflows (capital flows between a country and the rest of the world). This paper shows that bilateral capital inflows and outflows (flows between a pair of countries) are also positively correlated ...
Globalization Institute Working Papers , Paper 247

Working Paper
International portfolios, capital accumulation and foreign assets dynamics
Kollmann, Robert; Martin, Philippe; Coeurdacier, Nicolas (2009)
Despite the liberalization of capital flows among OECD countries, equity home bias remains sizable. We depart from the two familiar explanations of equity home bias: transaction costs that impede international diversification, and terms of trade responses to supply shocks that provide risk sharing, so that there is little incentive to hold diversified portfolios. We show that the interaction of the following ingredients generates a realistic equity home bias: capital accumulation, shocks to the efficiency of physical investment, as well as international trade in stocks and bonds. In our ...
Globalization Institute Working Papers , Paper 27

Working Paper
Reaching for Duration
Paul, Pascal; Schneider, Andrés; Mertens, Thomas M. (2026-08-10)
Using historical data on U.S. commercial bank balance sheets, we show that banks’ maturity mismatch has more than tripled since the mid-1980s, moving in close lockstep with declining interest rates and term premia. We rationalize these trends in a model of bank portfolio choice in which banks must cover operating costs out of current earnings. When term premia or short-term rates decline, banks extend the duration of their assets to remain profitable. This “reaching for duration” effect is convex in the degree of term premium compression. The resulting maturity mismatch renders banks ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2026-16

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