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Working Paper
Explaining Machine Learning by Bootstrapping Partial Marginal Effects and Shapley Values
Palmer, Nathan M.; Modig, Zach; Cook, Thomas R. (2024-08-06)
Machine learning and artificial intelligence are often described as “black boxes.” Traditional linear regression is interpreted through its marginal relationships as captured by regression coefficients. We show that the same marginal relationship can be described rigorously for any machine learning model by calculating the slope of the partial dependence functions, which we call the partial marginal effect (PME). We prove that the PME of OLS is analytically equivalent to the OLS regression coefficient. Boot- strapping provides standard errors and confidence intervals around the point ...
Research Working Paper , Paper RWP 21-12

Working Paper
Self-employment and health care reform: evidence from Massachusetts
Becker, Thealexa; Tuzemen, Didem (2014-11-25)
We study the e ect of the Massachusetts health care reform on the uninsured rate and the self-employment rate in the state. The reform required all individuals to obtain health insurance, required most employers to o er health insurance to their employees, formed a private marketplace that o ered subsidized health insurance options and ex- panded public insurance. We examine data from the Current Population Survey (CPS)for 1994-2012 and its Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement for 1996-2013. We show that the reform led to a dramatic reduction in the state's uninsured rate due to ...
Research Working Paper , Paper RWP 14-16

Working Paper
Real-Time Density Nowcasts of US Inflation: A Model-Combination Approach
Knotek, Edward S.; Zaman, Saeed (2020-10-22)
We develop a flexible modeling framework to produce density nowcasts for US inflation at a trading-day frequency. Our framework: (1) combines individual density nowcasts from three classes of parsimonious mixed-frequency models; (2) adopts a novel flexible treatment in the use of the aggregation function; and (3) permits dynamic model averaging via the use of weights that are updated based on learning from past performance. Together these features provide density nowcasts that can accommodate non-Gaussian properties. We document the competitive properties of the nowcasts generated from our ...
Working Papers , Paper 20-31

Working Paper
High-Dimensional DSGE Models: Pointers on Prior, Estimation, Comparison, and Prediction∗
Shin, Minchul; Tan, Fei; Chib, Siddhartha (2020-09-15)
Working Papers , Paper 20-35

Working Paper
A staggered pricing approach to modeling speculative storage: implications for commodity price dynamics
Gospodinov, Nikolay; Dabbous, Amal; Assa, Hirbod (2013-09-01)
This paper embeds a staggered price feature into the standard speculative storage model of Deaton and Laroque (1996). Intermediate goods inventory speculators are added as an additional source of intertemporal linkage, which helps us to replicate the stylized facts of the observed commodity price dynamics. Incorporating this type of friction into the model is motivated by its ability to increase price stickiness which, gives rise to a higher degree of persistence in the first two conditional moments of commodity prices. The structural parameters of our model are estimated by the simulated ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2013-08

Working Paper
Missing Data Substitution for Enhanced Robust Filtering and Forecasting in Linear State-Space Models
Dobrev, Dobrislav; Szerszen, Pawel J. (2025-01-03)
Replacing faulty measurements with missing values can suppress outlier-induced distortions in state-space inference. We therefore put forward two complementary methods for enhanced outlier-robust filtering and forecasting: supervised missing data substitution (MD) upon exceeding a Huber threshold, and unsupervised missing data substitution via exogenous randomization (RMDX).Our supervised method, MD, is designed to improve performance of existing Huber-based linear filters known to lose optimality when outliers of the same sign are clustered in time rather than arriving independently. The ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2025-001

Working Paper
Complementarity and Macroeconomic Uncertainty
Plante, Michael D.; Atkinson, Tyler; Throckmorton, Nathaniel A.; Richter, Alexander W. (2020-03-31)
Macroeconomic uncertainty—the conditional volatility of the unforecastable component of a future value of a time series—shows considerable variation in the data. A typical assumption in business cycle models is that production is Cobb-Douglas. Under that assumption, this paper shows there is usually little, if any, endogenous variation in output uncertainty, and first moment shocks have similar effects in all states of the economy. When the model departs from Cobb-Douglas production and assumes capital and labor are gross complements, first-moment shocks have state-dependent effects and ...
Working Papers , Paper 2009

Working Paper
Inference in Bayesian Proxy-SVARs
Rubio-Ramirez, Juan F.; Waggoner, Daniel F.; Arias, Jonas E. (2021-01-14)
Motivated by the increasing use of external instruments to identify structural vector autoregressions (SVARs), we develop an algorithm for exact finite sample inference in this class of time series models, commonly known as Proxy-SVARs. Our algorithm makes independent draws from any posterior distribution over the structural parameterization of a Proxy-SVAR. Our approach allows researchers to simultaneously use proxies and traditional zero and sign restrictions to identify structural shocks. We illustrate our methods with two applications. In particular, we show how to generalize the ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2018-16a

Working Paper
Mobility and Engagement Following the SARS-Cov-2 Outbreak
Koenig, Evan F.; Koch, Christoffer; Dolmas, Jim; Murphy, Anthony; Mertens, Karel; Yi, Kei-Mu; Atkinson, Tyler (2020-05-21)
We develop a Mobility and Engagement Index (MEI) based on a range of mobility metrics from Safegraph geolocation data, and validate the index with mobility data from Google and Unacast. We construct MEIs at the county, MSA, state and nationwide level, and link these measures to indicators of economic activity. According to our measures, the bulk of sheltering-in-place and social disengagement occurred during the week of March 15 and simultaneously across the U.S. At the national peak of the decline in mobility in early April, localities that engaged in a 10% larger decrease in mobility than ...
Working Papers , Paper 2014

Working Paper
Variable Annuities: Underlying Risks and Sensitivities
Chahboun, Imad; Hoover, Nathaniel (2019-04-09)
This paper presents a quantitative model designed to understand the sensitivity of variable annuity (VA) contracts to market and actuarial assumptions and how these sensitivities make them a potentially important source of risk to insurance companies during times of stress. VA contracts often include long dated guarantees of market performance that expose the insurer to multiple nondiversifiable risks. Our modeling framework employs a Monte Carlo simulation of asset returns and policyholder behavior to derive fair prices for variable annuities in a risk neutral framework and to estimate ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper RPA 19-1

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