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Working Paper
Managing Risk in Cards Portfolios: Risk Appetite and Limits
Eder, Tiffany; Labonne, Claire; O'Loughlin, Caitlin; Sharma, Krish (2024-02-15)
We describe an important risk management tool at financial institutions, risk appetite frameworks. We observe those frameworks for credit cards portfolios at four large banks and analyze when and why banks adjust them. The risk appetite frameworks for these banks monitor 40 to 150 metrics. We focus on metrics related to outstanding balances of which we identified 79. Overall, we find that these frameworks are sticky. Most adjustments occur during scheduled annual reviews and are relatively limited. Limit breaches are rare. Thresholds are often changed the month after a breach or after the ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper 24-01

Working Paper
Opacity and Disclosure in Short-Term Wholesale Funding Markets
Kowalik, Michal (2016-09-15)
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper RPA 16-2

Working Paper
Bank deregulation and racial inequality in America
Rubinstein, Yona; Levkov, Alexey; Levine, Ross (2012)
We use the cross-state, cross-time variation in bank deregulation across the U.S. states to assess how improvements in banking systems affected the labor market opportunities of black workers. Bank deregulation from the 1970s through the 1990s improved bank efficiency, lowered entry barriers facing nonfinancial firms, and intensified competition for labor throughout the economy. Consistent with Becker?s (1957) seminal theory of racial discrimination, we find that deregulation-induced improvements in the banking system boosted blacks?relative wages by facilitating the entry of new firms and ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper RPA 12-5

Working Paper
Risk, returns, and multinational production
Garetto, Stefania; Fillat, Jose (2010)
This paper starts by unveiling a new empirical regularity: multinational corporations systematically tend to exhibit higher stock market returns and earnings yields than non-multinational firms. Within non-multinationals, exporters tend to exhibit higher earnings yields and returns than firms selling only in their domestic market. To explain this pattern, we develop a real option value model where firms are heterogeneous in productivity, and have to decide whether and how to sell in a foreign market where demand is risky. Firms can serve the foreign market through trade or foreign direct ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper QAU10-5

Working Paper
Optimal Delegation Under Unknown Bias: The Role of Concavity
Tanner, Noam (2018-03-30)
A principal is uncertain of an agent's preferences and cannot provide monetary transfers. The principal, however, does control the discretion granted to the agent. In this paper, we provide a simple characterization of when it is optimal for the principal to screen by offering different terms of discretion to the agent. When the principal's utility is sufficiently concave, it is optimal for the principal to pool and to offer all agents the same discretion. Thus, for any number of agents and any distribution over agent preferences, the optimal contract is simple: the principal sets a cap and ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper RPA 18-1

Working Paper
A question of liquidity: the great banking run of 2008?
Sekeris, Evan G.; Montoriol-Garriga, Judit (2009)
The current financial crisis has given rise to a new type of bank run, one that affects both the banks' assets and liabilities. In this paper we combine information from the commercial paper market with loan level data from the Survey of Terms of Business Loans to show that during the 2007-2008 financial crises banks suffered a run on credit lines. First, as in previous crises, we find an increase in the usage of credit lines as commercial spreads widen, especially among the lowest quality firms. Second, as the crises deepened, firms drew down their credit lines out of fear that the weakened ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper QAU09-4

Working Paper
Market proxies, correlation, and relative mean-variance efficiency: still living with the roll critique
Prono, Todd (2009)
A pricing restriction is developed to test the validity of the CAPM conditional on a prior belief about the correlation between the true market return and the proxy return used in the test. Distinguishing this pricing restriction from competing tests also based upon the relative efficiency of the proxy return is a consideration for the proxy's mismeasurement of the market return. Failure to account for this mismeasurement biases tests of the CAPM towards rejection by overstating the inefficiency of the proxy. A time-varying version of this pricing restriction links mismeasurement of the ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper QAU09-3

Working Paper
Runs and Flights to Safety: Are Stablecoins the New Money Market Funds?
Macchiavelli, Marco; Eisenbach, Thomas M.; Anadu, Kenechukwu E.; Cipriani, Marco; La Spada, Gabriele; Wang, J. Christina; Huang, Catherine; Malfroy-Camine, Antoine; Azar, Pablo D.; Landoni, Mattia (2023-08-24)
Stablecoins and money market funds both seek to provide investors with safe, money-like assets but are vulnerable to runs in times of stress. In this paper, we investigate similarities and differences between the two, comparing investor behavior during the stablecoin runs of 2022 and 2023 to investor behavior during the money market fund runs of 2008 and 2020. We document that, similar to money market fund investors, stablecoin investors engage in flight-to-safety, with net flows from riskier to safer stablecoins during run periods. However, whereas in money market funds run risk has ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper SRA 23-02

Working Paper
Looking behind the aggregates: a reply to “Facts and Myths about the Financial Crisis of 2008”
Cohen-Cole, Ethan; Fillat, Jose; Montoriol-Garriga, Judit; Duygan-Bump, Burcu (2008)
As Chari et al (2008) point out in a recent paper, aggregate trends are very hard to interpret. They examine four common claims about the impact of financial sector phenomena on the economy and conclude that all four claims are myths. We argue that to evaluate these popular claims, one needs to look at the underlying composition of financial aggregates. Our findings show that most of the commonly argued facts are indeed supported by disaggregated data.
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper QAU08-5

Working Paper
Runs and Flights to Safety: Are Stablecoins the New Money Market Funds?
Anadu, Kenechukwu E.; Azar, Pablo D.; Cipriani, Marco; Eisenbach, Thomas M.; Huang, Catherine; Landoni, Mattia; La Spada, Gabriele; Macchiavelli, Marco; Malfroy-Camine, Antoine; Wang, J. Christina (2025-06-01)
Similar to the more traditional money market funds (MMFs), stablecoins aim to provide investors with safe, money-like assets. We investigate similarities and differences between these two investment products. Our key finding is that, like MMFs, stablecoins also suffer from “flight-to-safety” dynamics. This is manifested in net flows from riskier to safer stablecoins on days of crypto-market stress. The same flight-to-safety dynamics also characterized flows during stablecoin runs, as exemplified by the two most severe episodes in 2022 and 2023. Furthermore, as flight-to-safety flows occur ...
Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers , Paper SRA 23-02

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