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Discussion Paper
Firms' Employment and Wage Outlook Going Into 2025
Mengedoth, Joseph; Kosakow, Jason (2024-12-20)
Every November, the Richmond Fed asks businesses a series of questions about their expectations for hiring, wage adjustments, and other employment-related topics. This year, in addition to the usual set of questions, we asked firms if they have reduced the size of their workforce over the past three months and what workforce decisions they would make if business conditions deteriorated in the next six months.Consistent with past results, most responding businesses expect to maintain or increase employee headcount over the next 12 months. However, there were some shifts in responses compared ...
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Teacher Wages and Purchasing Power in the Fifth District
Latham, Sierra (2022-11-04)
Teacher pay is notorious for being low considering teachers' vital role educating young people and preparing them for lifelong learning. At a national level, the difference between teachers' average wages and those of other college graduates has been growing over the past 25 years. But aggregate statistics obscure local variation in teacher wages. As seen in a recent District Digest article on resolving the gap in teacher supply, teachers' starting salaries vary throughout the Fifth District.
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Following the Money: State and Local Funding for Community Colleges in the Fifth District
Ullrich, Laura Dawson; Norris, Stephanie (2024-05-24)
Public colleges and universities (including community colleges) represent the largest sector of undergraduate higher education in the United States. In the fall of 2023, community colleges and public four-year universities enrolled 73 percent of all undergraduate students. These institutions receive most of the public state and local funds designated for higher education, but the level and composition of funding varies across states and institution types.State funding formulas have historically directed significantly more money toward four-year institutions than to community colleges — a ...
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
How Might Fifth District Firms React to Changing Tariff Policies?
Azzimonti-Renzo, Marina; Edwards, Zach; Waddell, Sonya Ravindranath; Wyckoff, Acacia (2025-03-25)
In March 2025, the U.S. implemented a 20 percent tariff on all imports from China and an additional 25 percent tariff on all steel and aluminum imports. The administration has also announced additional 25 percent tariffs on goods imported from Canada and Mexico to be implemented in April 2025 and proposed a set of tariffs targeting the European Union and automotive imports.In order to better understand how these implemented and proposed tariffs might affect firms in the Fifth District, we included questions about the impact of tariffs in our March business survey, which was fielded from Feb. ...
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
The Pandemic’s Toll on Minority Women in the Labor Force.
Daniluk, Katie; Latham, Sierra (2021-09-24)
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Rising Wages and Increased Hiring Two Years Into the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kosakow, Jason (2022-01-06)
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Households Confront the End of Pandemic-Era Assistance Programs
Norris, Stephanie (2023-07-13)
The U.S. government, beginning in March 2020, took extraordinary measures in response to the emergence and spread of the novel coronavirus. Through policy changes and major spending bills, the federal government directed funds to help states, localities, and households manage the economic challenges caused by the pandemic. Two of the many measures that the government took to directly aid households were increasing the flexibility and benefits of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and pausing federal student loan payments. Now that enhanced SNAP benefits have ended and ...
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
The Updated Employment Picture
Haltom, Nicholas; Walker, Jacob (2022-03-24)
Each year, typically with little fanfare, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) releases revisions to historical employment data. While you may wonder if this means that history gets rewritten, it's really about making written history more accurate. Revisions are standard practice for not only employment data, but also other economic data. Revisions incorporate more complete underlying data that become available over time, as well as updates to data estimation procedures (most economic data are not based on complete counts; instead, they're based on samples that are used to generate complete ...
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
The Impact of the Francis Scott Key Bridge Collapse on Fifth District Firms
Scavette, Adam; Kosakow, Jason (2024-05-03)
The collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore, Maryland, on March 26 killed six people, severed a major interstate highway, and temporarily closed the Port of Baltimore. This Macro Minute blog post last month discussed potential regional economic effects as well as several reasons to be hopeful for the port's long-term recovery upon reopening.Between March 28 and April 17 in our April manufacturing and service sector surveys, to assess its immediate economic impact, we asked Fifth District firms to report if and how the bridge collapse will impact their businesses. Overall, 30 ...
Regional Matters

Discussion Paper
Tracing the History of Community Development Credit Unions
Pessin, Taylor (2025-05-08)
When the Community Reinvestment Act was passed in the late 1970s, Congress tasked the 12 Federal Reserve Banks with ensuring that supervised financial institutions meet the credit needs of the communities they serve. Community development financial institutions (CDFIs) are mission-driven lenders that help provide credit in underserved areas. As we gather information on CDFIs through the 2025 Federal Reserve CDFI Survey, we want to examine the roots of community development finance and the evolution of CDFIs.This post focuses on the history of one type of CDFI: community development credit ...
Regional Matters

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