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Briefing
The Fed’s Evolving Involvement in the Repo Markets
Ennis, Huberto M.; Huther, Jeff W.
(2021-09)
Richmond Fed Economic Brief
, Volume 21
, Issue 31
Briefing
The Pandemic’s Effects on Children’s Education
Pinto, Santiago
(2023-08)
School closures and switches to hybrid/virtual learning due to the pandemic adversely affected student achievement through several channels, including a decline in skill accumulation and a disruption of peer effects and peer-group formation.Preliminary evidence suggests that losses took place early in the pandemic and that there has not been an apparent recovery. Also, the impact on students has been far from uniform, as economic losses tend to fall more deeply on younger students and students from disadvantaged backgrounds.Simply returning schools and instructional practices to where they ...
Richmond Fed Economic Brief
, Volume 23
, Issue 29
Briefing
Identifying systemically important financial institutions
Price, David A.; Walter, John R.
(2011-04)
The Dodd-Frank Act, in addressing systemic risks to the financial system, requires federal regulators to extend a variety of requirements to nonbank financial institutions that are deemed "systemically important." But how can regulators, and the institutions themselves, best determine whether an institution is systemically important? Research in this area has generated a number of potential approaches.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief
, Issue Apr
Briefing
Responding to Urban Decline
Pinto, Santiago; Sablik, Timothy
(2017-07)
In recent decades, a number of once-prominent U.S. cities have experienced economic hardship and significant population loss. Policymakers in those cities want to jump-start growth and improve prospects for the people who live there. But where should they begin? This Economic Brief surveys economic studies on a variety of urban policy interventions and provides lessons for policymakers.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief
, Issue July
Briefing
It's a Wonderful Loan: A Short History of Building and Loan Associations
Price, David A.; Walter, John R.
(2019-01)
Prior to the advent of modern home mortgage markets in the United States, markets in which mortgage-backed securities and government-sponsored enterprises now play significant roles, prospective homebuyers had to rely on other mechanisms of home finance. For about a century, cooperative organizations known as building and loan associations, a concept imported from Britain, served millions of American savers and homebuyers.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief
, Issue January
Briefing
Experimenting with contingent capital triggers
Prescott, Edward Simpson; Price, David A.
(2012-02)
Contingent capital is debt that converts to equity when some triggering event occurs. It can automatically recapitalize a bank in distress, thus avoiding potentially costly failure. Unfortunately, little is known empirically about contingent capital regimes because there have been only a few issuances of contingent capital. Results from laboratory experiments suggest that contingent capital with price triggers would increase volatility of prices and the chance of mistakes in conversion decisions.Contingent capital is debt that converts to equity when some triggering event occurs. It can ...
Richmond Fed Economic Brief
, Issue Feb
Briefing
Commuting Patterns and Economic Connectivity in the Fifth District
Latham, Sierra; Pinto, Santiago
(2022-11)
One way of measuring economic connectivity across locations is by examining the commuting behavior of residents. This article explores how connected counties in the Fifth District are by focusing on commuting.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief
, Volume 22
, Issue 47
Briefing
Goodfriend Memorial Lecture: The U.S. Current Account Deficit and the Global Capital Market Revisited
Obstfeld, Maurice
(2024-11)
Introduced in 2023, the Goodfriend Memorial Lecture series honors the legacy of Marvin Goodfriend, long-time Richmond Fed economist, research director and senior policy advisor. The lecture was delivered as part of the Richmond Fed's Collaboration of Research Economists (CORE) Week model, which brings together Richmond Fed economists and visiting economists from a range of disciplines for seminars, conferences, networking and collaboration.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief
, Volume 24
, Issue 37
Briefing
Lifespan Inequality and Social Security Reform
Jones, John Bailey; Mullin, John
(2020-11)
What does lifespan inequality mean for Social Security reform? Using a life-cycle model in which the rich tend to outlive the poor, the researchers analyze how various reforms affect the trade-off between distributing lifetime Social Security benefits more equally and encouraging society's most productive members to work longer. They find that social welfare is maximized when benefits are independent of lifetime earnings, the payroll tax cap remains near its current level, and benefits are made less dependent on the age at which they are initially claimed.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief
, Volume 20
, Issue 12
, Pages 4 pgs.
Briefing
Delving into Climate Change Economics
Harnish, Molly
(2021-01)
By quantifying climate change's effects and assessing potential mitigation and adaptation techniques, economists contribute valuable perspectives to political, ecological and social conversations about the planet's future. This Economic Brief summarizes presentations from the Richmond Fed's recent conference on the economics of climate change.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief
, Volume 21
, Issue 02
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