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Briefing
Pondering Payments: Challenges of Reaching All Americans
George, Esther L. (2020-06-30)
Policy Perspectives

Briefing
An Update on Interchange Legislation in the United States
Hung, Christian (2009-12)
This article provides a summary of recent developments in interchange legislation in the United States as well as the recently released Government Accountability Office report detailing its findings on interchange fees.
Payments System Research Briefing , Issue December , Pages 1-5

Briefing
The Fed’s Evolving Involvement in the Repo Markets
Ennis, Huberto M.; Huther, Jeff W. (2021-09)
Richmond Fed Economic Brief , Volume 21 , Issue 31

Briefing
The Pandemic’s Effects on Children’s Education
Pinto, Santiago (2023-08)
School closures and switches to hybrid/virtual learning due to the pandemic adversely affected student achievement through several channels, including a decline in skill accumulation and a disruption of peer effects and peer-group formation.Preliminary evidence suggests that losses took place early in the pandemic and that there has not been an apparent recovery. Also, the impact on students has been far from uniform, as economic losses tend to fall more deeply on younger students and students from disadvantaged backgrounds.Simply returning schools and instructional practices to where they ...
Richmond Fed Economic Brief , Volume 23 , Issue 29

Briefing
Developments of QR Code-Based Mobile Payments in East Asia
Toh, Ying Lei; Bradford, Terri; Hayashi, Fumiko (2019-06-18)
Initiatives facilitating QR code-based mobile payments in Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong may address some pain points of banks, nonbanks, and merchants, but whether they address consumers’ depends on factors such as fragmentation and overall digital commerce experience
Payments System Research Briefing

Briefing
Identifying systemically important financial institutions
Price, David A.; Walter, John R. (2011-04)
The Dodd-Frank Act, in addressing systemic risks to the financial system, requires federal regulators to extend a variety of requirements to nonbank financial institutions that are deemed "systemically important." But how can regulators, and the institutions themselves, best determine whether an institution is systemically important? Research in this area has generated a number of potential approaches.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief , Issue Apr

Briefing
Recent Trends in Residential Segregation in New England
Chiumenti, Nicholas (2020-04-08)
Residential segregation in Boston has drawn considerable attention in recent years, but much less notice has been given to the issue with respect to the rest of New England. This regional brief focuses on residential segregation between all minority groups and non-Hispanic white residents in metro areas throughout the region. New England’s population is predominately non-Hispanic white; however, the region has diversified considerably since 1990, as most of the population growth has occurred among minority groups. Residential segregation by race/ethnicity declined over that same period in ...
New England Public Policy Center Regional Brief , Paper 2020-01

Briefing
Responding to Urban Decline
Pinto, Santiago; Sablik, Timothy (2017-07)
In recent decades, a number of once-prominent U.S. cities have experienced economic hardship and significant population loss. Policymakers in those cities want to jump-start growth and improve prospects for the people who live there. But where should they begin? This Economic Brief surveys economic studies on a variety of urban policy interventions and provides lessons for policymakers.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief , Issue July

Briefing
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on New England Homeowners and Renters
Chiumenti, Nicholas (2020-05-18)
Job losses and likely layoffs related to the COVID-19 pandemic will put many New England residents at risk of not being able to pay their mortgage or rent and needing financial assistance and state-government safeguards to remain in their homes. Economic interventions from Congress, primarily through the federal CARES Act, include direct payments to households and increased unemployment insurance benefits that are expected to provide vital support to many of these households for the next three to four months. Even with these efforts, 2 to 3 percent of New England homeowners and 9 to 13 ...
New England Public Policy Center Regional Brief , Paper 2020-02

Briefing
It's a Wonderful Loan: A Short History of Building and Loan Associations
Price, David A.; Walter, John R. (2019-01)
Prior to the advent of modern home mortgage markets in the United States, markets in which mortgage-backed securities and government-sponsored enterprises now play significant roles, prospective homebuyers had to rely on other mechanisms of home finance. For about a century, cooperative organizations known as building and loan associations, a concept imported from Britain, served millions of American savers and homebuyers.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief , Issue January

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