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Discussion Paper
Preemptive Runs and the Offshore U.S. Dollar Money Market Funds Industry
Cipriani, Marco; La Spada, Gabriele (2021-11-22)
In March 2020, U.S. dollar-denominated prime money market funds (MMFs) suffered heavy outflows as concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic increased in the United States and Europe. Investors redeemed their shares en masse not only from funds domiciled in the United States (“domestic”) but also from offshore funds. In this post, we use differences in the regulatory regimes of domestic and offshore funds to identify the impact of the redemption gates and liquidity fees recently introduced as part of MMF industry reforms in both the United States and Europe.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20211122

Discussion Paper
The Money Market Fund Liquidity Facility
Orchinik, Reed; Cipriani, Marco; La Spada, Gabriele; http://fedora:8080/fcrepo/rest/objects/authors/ (2020-05-08)
Over the first three weeks of March, as uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic increased, prime and municipal (muni) money market funds (MMFs) faced large redemption pressures. Similarly to past episodes of industry dislocation, such as the 2008 financial crisis and the 2011 European bank crisis, outflows from prime and muni MMFs were mirrored by large inflows into government MMFs, which have historically been seen by investors as a safe haven in times of crisis. In this post, we describe a liquidity facility established by the Federal Reserve in response to these outflows.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20200508

Report
Investors’ appetite for money-like assets: the money market fund industry after the 2014 regulatory reform
Cipriani, Marco; La Spada, Gabriele (2017-06-01)
This paper uses a quasi-natural experiment to estimate the premium investors are willing to pay to hold money-like assets. The 2014 SEC reform of the money market fund (MMF) industry reduced the money-likeness only of prime MMFs, by increasing the information sensitivity of their shares, and left government MMFs unaffected. As a result, investors fled from prime to government MMFs, with total outflows exceeding $1 trillion. By comparing investors’ response to the regulatory change with past episodes of industry dislocation (for example, the 2008 MMF run), we highlight the difference between ...
Staff Reports , Paper 816

Discussion Paper
Money Market Funds and the New SEC Regulation
Shah, Neha; Cipriani, Marco; Mulder, Philip; Chen, Catherine; La Spada, Gabriele (2017-03-20)
On October 14, 2016, amendments to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rule 2a-7, which governs money market mutual funds (MMFs), went into effect. The changes are designed to reduce MMFs? susceptibility to destabilizing runs and contain two principal requirements. First, institutional prime and muni funds?but not retail or government funds?must now compute their net asset values (NAVs) using market-based factors, thereby abandoning the fixed NAV that had been a hallmark of the MMF industry. Second, all prime and muni funds must adopt a system of gates and fees on redemptions, which can ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20170320

Report
Estimating a structural model of herd behavior in financial markets
Cipriani, Marco; Guarino, Antonio (2012)
We develop a new methodology for estimating the importance of herd behavior in financial markets. Specifically, we build a structural model of informational herding that can be estimated with financial transaction data. In the model, rational herding arises because of information-event uncertainty. We estimate the model using 1995 stock market data for Ashland Inc., a company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Herding occurs often and is particularly pervasive on certain days. In an information-event day, on average, 2 percent (4 percent) of informed traders herd-buy (sell). In 7 percent ...
Staff Reports , Paper 561

Discussion Paper
Mitigating the Risk of Runs on Uninsured Deposits: the Minimum Balance at Risk
Holscher, Michael; Martin, Antoine; Cipriani, Marco; McCabe, Patrick E.; Berner, Richard (2023-04-14)
The incentives that drive bank runs have been well understood since the seminal work of Nobel laureates Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig (1983). When a bank is suspected to be insolvent, early withdrawers can get the full value of their deposits. If and when the bank runs out of funds, however, the bank cannot pay remaining depositors. As a result, all depositors have an incentive to run. The failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank remind us that these incentives are still present for uninsured depositors, that is, those whose bank deposits are larger than deposit insurance ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20230414

Discussion Paper
The Premium for Money-Like Assets
Cipriani, Marco; La Spada, Gabriele (2018-07-18)
Several academic papers have documented investors? willingness to pay a premium to hold money-like assets and focused on its implications for financial stability. In a New York Fed staff report, we estimate such premium using a quasi-natural experiment, the recent reform of the money market fund (MMF) industry by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20180718

Discussion Paper
Municipal Debt Markets and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cipriani, Marco; Haughwout, Andrew F.; La Spada, Gabriele; Kovner, Anna; Nee, Shawn; http://fedora:8080/fcrepo/rest/objects/authors/; Hyman, Benjamin (2020-06-29)
In March, with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the market for municipal securities was severely stressed: mutual fund redemptions sparked unprecedented selling of municipal securities, yields increased sharply, and issuance dried up. In this post, we describe the evolution of municipal bond market conditions since the onset of the COVID-19 crisis. We show that conditions in municipal markets have improved significantly, in part a result of the announcement and implementation of several Federal Reserve facilities. Yields have decreased substantially, mutual funds ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20200629

Discussion Paper
Treasury Bill Supply and ON RRP Investment
Afonso, Gara; Cipriani, Marco; Huang, Catherine; La Spada, Gabriele; Olivas, Sergio (2023-11-29)
Take-up at the Federal Reserve’s Overnight Reverse Repo Facility (ON RRP) increased from a few billion dollars in January 2021 to around $2.6 trillion at the end of December 2022. In this post, based on a recent Staff Report, we explain how the supply of U.S. Treasury bills (T-bills) affects the decision of money market mutual funds (MMFs) to invest at the facility. We show that MMFs responded to a reduction in T-bill supply by increasing their take-up at the ON RRP, helping to explain the increased overall take-up.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20231129

Report
COVID Response: The Money Market Mutual Fund Facility
Anadu, Kenechukwu E.; Cipriani, Marco; Craver, Ryan M.; La Spada, Gabriele (2021-09-01)
In this article, we discuss the run on prime money market funds (MMFs) that occurred in March 2020, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and describe the Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (MMLF), which the Federal Reserve established in response to it. We show that the MMLF, like a similarly structured Federal Reserve facility established during the 2008 financial crisis, was an important tool in stemming investor outflows from MMFs and restoring calm in short-term funding markets. The usage of the facility was higher by funds that suffered larger outflows. After the facility’s ...
Staff Reports , Paper 980

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