Journal Article
Has Japan been left out in the cold by regional integration?
Wall, Howard J. (2002-09)
Despite the ongoing worldwide trend toward regional integration, Japan has remained outside of all regional trading agreements. Because more than 60 percent of Japan?s trade is with countries that are members of a major regional bloc, this reluctance may have had significant effects on its pattern and volume of trade. Indeed, the author finds that Japan?s exports have been reduced by the integration of its trading partners, and that this effect has been fairly uniform across integration regimes. The author also finds that regional trading agreements have tended to have a much more negative ...
Review , Volume 84 , Issue Sep , Pages 25-36

Journal Article
The effects of recessions across demographic groups
Wall, Howard J.; Engemann, Kristie M. (2010-01)
The burdens of a recession are not spread evenly across demographic groups. As the public and media noticed, from the start of the current recession in December 2007 through June 2009 men accounted for more than three-quarters of net job losses. Other differences have garnered less attention but are just as interesting. During the same period, the employment of single people fell at more than twice the rate that it did for married people and the decline for black workers was one and a half times that for white workers. To provide a more complete understanding of the effect of recessions, this ...
Review , Volume 92 , Issue Jan

Journal Article
Now and forever NAFTA
Wall, Howard J. (2000-04)
U.S. exports have been booming since the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement. But is the story the same for every state?
The Regional Economist , Issue Apr , Pages 12-13

Journal Article
To bear, or not to bear: is that an economics question?
Wall, Howard J.; Skiba, Paige M. (2001-07)
Weighing the costs vs. the benefits of having children may seem like a cold-blooded exercise. Yet such an analysis can help us understand not only such private decisions but public policies, too.
The Regional Economist , Issue Jul , Pages 10-11

Working Paper
Ethnic networks and U.S. exports
Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu; Wall, Howard J.; Coughlin, Cletus C. (2007)
This paper provides new estimates of the effects of ethnic networks on U.S. exports. In line with recent research, our dataset is a panel of exports from U.S. states to 29 foreign countries. Our analysis departs from the literature in two ways, both of which show that previous estimates of the ethnic-network elasticity of trade are sensitive to the restrictions imposed on the estimated models. Our first departure is to control for unobserved heterogeneity with properly specified fixed effects, which we can do because our dataset contains a time dimension absent from previous studies. Our ...
Working Papers , Paper 2005-069

Working Paper
Creating a policy environment for entrepreneurs
Wall, Howard J.; Garrett, Thomas A. (2006)
This paper demonstrates that levels of entrepreneurship can be greatly affected by the general policy environment. Using a state-level panel, we estimate the effects of several policy variables on rates of entrepreneurship and find that bankruptcy exemptions, corporate tax rates, and the level of the minimum wage all affect a state's rate of entrepreneurship. For the median state, these policies reduced the level of entrepreneurship by 10.5 percent. Much of the geographic pattern of entrepreneurship can be explained by policy differences: The low-entrepreneurship states of the Great Lakes and ...
Working Papers , Paper 2005-064

Journal Article
Recessions, expansions and black employment
Wall, Howard J. (2003-10)
The Regional Economist , Issue Oct , Pages 19

Working Paper
Where is an oil shock?
Owyang, Michael T.; Engemann, Kristie M.; Wall, Howard J. (2011)
Much of the literature examining the effects of oil shocks asks the question ?What is an oil shock?? and has concluded that oil-price increases are asymmetric in their effects on the US economy. That is, sharp increases in oil prices affect economic activity adversely, but sharp decreases in oil prices have no effect. We reconsider the directional symmetry of oil-price shocks by addressing the question Where is an oil shock? , the answer to which reveals a great deal of spatial/directional asymmetry across states. Although most states have typical responses to oil-price shocks?they are ...
Working Papers , Paper 2011-016

Journal Article
Help wanted
Wall, Howard J. (1999-05)
National Economic Trends , Issue May

Journal Article
The gender wage gap and wage discrimination: illusion or reality?
Wall, Howard J. (2000-10)
The wage gap between men and women is not as large as you think, nor is it entirely due to discrimination.
The Regional Economist , Issue Oct , Pages 10-11