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Working Paper
Collateral Runs
Vardoulakis, Alexandros; Infante, Sebastian (2018-04-04)
This paper models an unexplored source of liquidity risk faced by large broker-dealers: collateral runs. By setting different contracting terms on repurchase agreements with cash borrowers and lenders, dealers can source funds for their own activities. Cash borrowers internalize the risk of losing their collateral in case their dealer defaults, prompting them to withdraw it. This incentive creates strategic complementarities for counterparties to withdraw their collateral, reducing a dealer's liquidity position and compromising her solvency. Collateral runs are markedly different than ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2018-022

Working Paper
Capital Taxation with Heterogeneous Discounting and Collateralized Borrowing
Biljanovska, Nina; Vardoulakis, Alexandros (2017-05-05)
We study optimal long-run capital taxation in a closed economy with heterogeneity in agents' time-discount factors where borrowing is allowed but restricted by a collateral constraint. Financial frictions distort intertemporal optimization margins and the tax system serves a dual role: first, it is used to finance government consumption; second, it serves to alleviate the distortions arising from the binding collateral constraint. The discrepancy between the private and the social discount factors pushes for a subsidy on capital, while the discrepancy introduced by the collateral constraint ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2017-053

Working Paper
Private and Public Liquidity Provision in Over-the-Counter Markets
Arseneau, David M.; Vardoulakis, Alexandros; Rappoport, David (2017-03-29)
We show that trade frictions in OTC markets result in inefficient private liquidity provision. We develop a dynamic model of market-based financial intermediation with a two-way interaction between primary credit markets and secondary OTC markets. Private allocations are generically inefficient because investors and firms fail to internalize how their actions affect liquidity in secondary markets. This inefficiency can lead to liquidity that is suboptimally low or high compared to the second best. Our analysis provides a rationale for the regulation and public provision of liquidity and the ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2017-033

Working Paper
Debt Deflation Effects of Monetary Policy
Vardoulakis, Alexandros; Tsomocos, Dimitrios P.; Lin, Li (2014-05-07)
This paper assesses the role that monetary policy plays in the decision to default using a General Equilibrium model with collateralized loans, trade in fiat money and production. Long-term nominal loans are backed by collateral, the value of which depends on monetary policy. The decision to default is endogenous and depends on the relative value of the collateral to face value of the loan. Default results in foreclosure, higher borrowing costs, inefficient investment and a decrease in total output. We show that pre-crisis contractionary monetary policy interacts with Fisherian debt-deflation ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2014-37

Journal Article
The Financial Stability Implications of Digital Assets
Azar, Pablo D.; Baughman, Garth; Carapella, Francesca; Gerszten, Jacob; Lubis, Arazi; Perez-Sangimino, JP; Rappoport, David E.; Scotti, Chiara; Swem, Nathan; Vardoulakis, Alexandros; Werman, Aurite (2024-11-01)
Financial activity associated with digital assets has grown rapidly, raising concerns about financial stability risks. This article presents an overview of these risks, adapting the Federal Reserve’s framework for monitoring financial stability in the traditional financial system. The overview reveals that the observed fragility of digital assets is associated with several financial vulnerabilities: valuation pressures of crypto assets, funding risk in most crypto sectors, the widespread use of leverage, and a highly interconnected crypto ecosystem. However, to date, these vulnerabilities ...
Economic Policy Review , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , Pages 1-48

Working Paper
A Macroprudential Perspective on the Regulatory Boundaries of U.S. Financial Assets
Arseneau, David M.; Brang, Grace; Darst, Matt; Faber, Jacob M. M.; Rappoport, David E.; Vardoulakis, Alexandros (2022-01-14)
This paper uses data from the Financial Accounts of the United States to map out the regulatory boundaries of assets held by U.S. financial institutions from a macroprudential perspective. We provide a quantitative measure of the regulatory perimeter—the boundary between the part of the financial sector that is subject to some form of prudential regulatory oversight and that which is not—and show how it has evolved over the past forty years. Additionally, we measure the boundaries between different regulatory agencies and financial institutions that operate within the regulatory perimeter ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2022-002

Report
The Financial Stability Implications of Digital Assets
Azar, Pablo; Baughman, Garth; Carapella, Francesca; Gerszten, Jacob; Lubis, Arazi; Perez-Sangimino, JP; Rappoport, David E.; Scotti, Chiara; Swem, Nathan; Vardoulakis, Alexandros; Werman, Aurite (2022-09-01)
The value of assets in the digital ecosystem has grown rapidly amid periods of high volatility. Does the digital financial system create new potential challenges to financial stability? This paper explores this question using the Federal Reserve’s framework for analyzing vulnerabilities in the traditional financial system. The digital asset ecosystem has recently proven itself to be highly fragile. However, adverse digital asset market shocks have had limited spillovers to the traditional financial system. Currently, the digital asset ecosystem does not provide significant financial ...
Staff Reports , Paper 1034

Working Paper
The Non-Bank Credit Cycle
Kemp, Esti; Stralen, Rene van; Vardoulakis, Alexandros; Wierts, Peter J. (2018-11-14)
We investigate the cyclical properties of non-bank credit and its relevance for financial stability. We construct a measure of non-bank credit for a large sample of countries and find that its cyclical properties differ from those of bank credit. Non-bank credit cycles are highly correlated with bank credit cycles in some countries but not in others. Moreover, non-bank credit cycles are less synchronised than bank credit cycles across countries. Finally, non-bank credit cycles could act as a leading indicator for currency, but not for systemic banking, crises. The opposite is true for bank ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2018-076

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