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Report
Gender differences in the labor market effects of the dollar
Goldberg, Linda S.; Tracy, Joseph (2001-04-01)
Although the dollar has been shown to influence the expected wages of workers, the analysis to date has focused on the male workforce. We show that exchange rate fluctuations also have important implications for women's wages. The dominant wage effects for women?like those for men?arise at times of job transition. Changes in the value of the dollar can cause the wage gap between women who change jobs and women who stay on in their jobs to expand or contract sharply, with the most pronounced effects occurring among the least educated women and women in highly competitive manufacturing ...
Staff Reports , Paper 121

Working Paper
Surveys of Professionals
Rich, Robert W.; Tracy, Joseph; Clements, Michael (2022-05-10)
This chapter provides an overview of surveys of professional forecasters, with a focus on the U.S. Survey of Professional Forecasters and the European Central Bank Survey of Professional Forecasters. A distinguishing feature of these surveys is that they collect point and density forecasts and make the data publicly available. We discuss their structure, issues involved in using the data, and the construction of measures such as disagreement and uncertainty at the aggregate and individual levels. Our review also summarizes the findings of studies exploring issues such as the alignment of ...
Working Papers , Paper 22-13

Report
Negative equity and housing investment
Tracy, Joseph; Haughwout, Andrew F.; Sutherland, Sarah (2013-09-01)
Housing is a depreciating asset. The rate of depreciation depends on the degree to which households engage in housing investments. Housing investment expenditures economy-wide are sizable, averaging 45 percent of the value of new home construction over the past twenty years. The housing bust and recession coincided with a significant decline in housing investment. Using Consumer Expenditure Survey data from 2007 to 2012, we find that negative equity households reduce their housing investments by roughly 75 percent. The large increase in negative equity due to declining housing prices during ...
Staff Reports , Paper 636

Report
The behavior of uncertainty and disagreement and their roles in economic prediction: a panel analysis
Tracy, Joseph; Rich, Robert W. (2017-02-01)
This paper examines point and density forecasts from the European Central Bank?s Survey of Professional Forecasters. We derive individual uncertainty measures along with individual point- and density-based measures of disagreement. We also explore the relationship between uncertainty and disagreement, as well as their roles in respondents? forecast performance and forecast revisions. We observe substantial heterogeneity in respondents? uncertainty and disagreement. In addition, there is little co-movement between uncertainty and disagreement, and forecast performance shows a more robust ...
Staff Reports , Paper 808

Discussion Paper
Who Is Still on First? An Update of Characteristics of First‑Time Homebuyers
Lee, Donghoon; Tracy, Joseph (2025-08-11)
Following the COVID-19 health crisis, home prices and mortgage rates rose sharply. This created concerns that first-time homebuyers (FTBs) would be disadvantaged and would lose ground. Earlier this year, we documented that the share of purchase mortgages by FTBs, as well as their share of home purchases, have actually increased slightly over the past couple of years. It appears that FTBs are holding their own in this challenging housing market. This raises the question of whether the characteristics of FTBs have changed. In a 2019 post, we described the characteristics of these buyers over ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20250811

Journal Article
The Anchoring of US Inflation Expectations Since 2012
Rich, Robert W.; Tracy, Joseph; Naggert, Kristoph (2023-07-11)
The stabilization, or anchoring, of inflation expectations at a target can help a central bank meet its goals. This paper develops a measure of expectations’ anchoring that combines the deviation of a consensus forecast from an inflation target with forecaster disagreement. We apply the measure to survey-based forecasts of PCE price inflation at medium- and longer-run horizons. Following the FOMC’s 2012 announcement of a 2 percent inflation target, the anchoring of both forecast series steadily improved through 2020:Q4. Recently, while longer-run expectations have remained well-anchored, ...
Economic Commentary , Volume 2023 , Issue 11 , Pages 7

Report
Exchange rates and local labor markets
Goldberg, Linda S.; Tracy, Joseph (1999)
We document the consequences of real exchange rate movements for the employment, hours, and hourly earnings of workers in manufacturing industries across individual states. Exchange rates have statistically significant wage and employment implications in these local labor markets. The importance and size of these dollar-induced effects vary considerably across industries and are more pronounced in some U.S. regions. In addition to demonstrating the importance of exchange rate shocks, we confirm prior research results showing that relatively strong local conditions drive up wages in local ...
Staff Reports , Paper 63

Journal Article
A look at real housing prices and incomes: some implications for housing affordability and quality
Tracy, Joseph; Gyourko, Joseph (1999-09)
This paper was presented at the conference "Unequal incomes, unequal outcomes? Economic inequality and measures of well-being" as part of session 2, " Affordability of housing for young and poor families." The conference was held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on May 7, 1999. The authors report that the cost of good housing has risen for low-income individuals. The National Association of Realtors affordability index shows that affordability conditions are better today than at any time in the past twenty-five years. However, Gyourko and Tracy's analysis suggests that this ...
Economic Policy Review , Volume 5 , Issue Sep , Pages 63-77

Speech
What the Fed did and why
Tracy, Joseph (2010)
Remarks at the Westchester County Bankers Association, Tarrytown, New York.
Speech , Paper 27

Journal Article
Spotlight: Black Workers at Risk for 'Last Hired, First Fired'
Tracy, Joseph; Jones, Aquil (2020)
The COVID–19-induced global economic downturn shuttered businesses that have begun slowly reopening and reassessing whether to recall laid-off employees. In the U.S., black unemployment rates have spiked much more than white jobless rates during recessions.
Southwest Economy , Issue Second Quarter

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