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Working Paper
No Longer Qualified? Changes in the Supply and Demand for Skills within Occupations
Using a novel database of 159 million online job postings, we examine changes in employer skill requirements for education and specific skillsets between 2007 and 2017. We find that upskilling—in terms of increasing demands for bachelor’s degrees as well as software skills—was a persistent trend among high-skill occupations, but either a temporary or non-existent phenomenon among middle-skill and low-skill occupations. We also find evidence that persistentupskilling in the high-skill sector contributed to greater occupational mismatch that remained elevated during the recovery from the ...
Working Paper
Remote Work Across Jobs, Companies and Space
The pandemic catalyzed an enduring shift to remote work. To measure this shift, we develop a large language model (LLM), fine tune and assess it using 30,000 human classifications, and apply it to nearly 600 million job vacancy postings across five English-speaking countries. Our model achieves a 98% classification accuracy, greatly outperforming dictionary-based approaches, and matching or surpassing the performance of frontier AI models at a fraction of the cost. From 2019 to 2026, the share of postings that indicate new employees can work remotely at least one day per week rose more than ...