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Journal Article
Bank examination classifications and loan risk
Monograph
Banking regulation : its purpose, implementation, and effects
4th edition
Journal Article
The relationship between loan classifications and losses : the effects of a changing economy
The agriculture and energy sectors suffered dramatic declines during the 1980s in the Tenth Federal Reserve District. Bank asset quality also declined during this time period, particularly for farm banks. Using information on loan classifications and charge-offs, this study traces classified loans over time to determine their subsequent performance. ; This study found that examiners were able to identify a majority of the problem credits prior to charge-off. Additionally, examiners were able to distinguish the relative riskiness of problem credits. Economic conditions were found to have a ...
Journal Article
What makes a bank efficient? : a look at financial characteristics and management and ownership structure
Increased competition, new technology, and bank consolidation are reinforcing the need for banks to operate efficiently. Moreover, recent research on banking efficiency shows that there is much room for reducing expenses and making better use of bank resources. This article compares the financial characteristics, as well as the management and ownership structure, of a sample of efficient and inefficient banks from the Tenth Federal Reserve District. The comparison reveals a number of factors that contribute to bank efficiency. ; Efficient banks control all aspects of costs, yet deliver bank ...
Working Paper
Who's minding the store? motivating and monitoring hired managers at small, closely held firms: the case of commercial banks
We test whether the gains from hiring an outside manager exceed the principal-agent costs of owner-manager separation at 266 small, closely held U.S. commercial banks. Our results suggest that hiring an outside manager can improve a bank's profit efficiency, but that these gains depend on aligning the hired managers with owners via managerial shareholdings. We find that over-utilizing this control mechanism results in entrenchment, while under-utilization is costly in terms of foregone profits. This study provides a relatively unfettered test of mitigating principal-agent costs, because these ...
Journal Article
Low and moderate-income home financing : what are the trends in Kansas City?
Over the last decade, many significant developments have influenced home lending. Among these developments are the longest expansion period in U.S. history, pathbreaking technological and financial innovations, new regulatory and legislative incentives for low- and moderate-income lending, and continued growth of community organizations and special home lending programs. ; This article takes a look at these trends and their possible effect on home purchase lending in the Kansas City metropolitan area between 1992 and 2001. The article examines changes in home financing across the entire ...
Journal Article
The outlook for the U.S. banking industry : what does the experience of the 1980s and 1990s tell us?
In many respects, the 1980s appear to be the worst decade in banking since the Great Depression, while the 1990s could be rated as the best. Over 1,100 commercial banks failed or needed FDIC assistance during the 1980s, and significant parts of the thrift industry became insolvent and had to be resolved, costing taxpayers $125 billion. In contrast, the banking industry began a dramatic recovery in the first half of 1990s and has recently achieved record profitability, extremely low levels of loan losses, and the highest capital ratios since the early 1940s. As a result, the number of banks ...
Journal Article
Small business lending by commercial banks in Colorado : 1994 to 1996
The structure of Colorado's banking industry has recently undergone significant change and, therefore, provides a good case study with which to gauge the impact of consolidation on sources of loans and access to credit for small business. We find that between 1994 and 1996, lending to small businesses in Colorado by small to medium size banking organizations grew much faster than lending by large organizations. This lending pattern was similar across in-state and out-of-state banking organizations. Thus, the difference is largely driven by size rather than by the location of the ...
Journal Article
Home financing for low- and moderate-income borrowers: what are the trends in Denver?
Over the last decade, many significant developments have influenced home lending. Among these developments are the longest expansion period in U.S. history, path-breaking technological and financial innovations, new regulatory and legislative incentives for low- and moderate-income lending, and continued growth of community organizations and special home lending programs. ; This article takes a look at these trends and their possible effect on home purchase lending in the Denver metropolitan area between 1992 and 2002. The article examines changes in home financing across the entire ...