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Discussion Paper
Did Subsidies to Too-Big-To-Fail Banks Increase during the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Sarkar, Asani (2021-02-11)
Once a bank grows beyond a certain size or becomes too complex and interconnected, investors often perceive that it is “too big to fail” (TBTF), meaning that if the bank were to become distressed, the government would likely bail it out. In a recent post, I showed that the implicit funding subsidies to systemically important banks (SIBs) declined, on average, after a set of reforms for eliminating TBTF perceptions was implemented. In this post, I discuss whether these subsidies increased again during the COVID-19 pandemic and, if so, whether the increase accrued to large firms in all ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20210211

Report
Two-sided markets and intertemporal trade clustering: insights into trading motives
Sarkar, Asani; Schwartz, Robert A. (2006)
We show that equity markets are typically two-sided and that trades cluster in certain trading intervals for both NYSE and Nasdaq stocks under a broad range of conditions-news and non-news days, different times of the day, and a spectrum of trade sizes. By "two-sided" we mean that the arrivals of buyer-initiated and seller-initiated trades are positively correlated; by "trade clustering" we mean that trades tend to bunch together in time with greater frequency than would be expected if their arrival were a random process. Controlling for order imbalance, number of trades, news, and ...
Staff Reports , Paper 246

Report
Information asymmetry, market segmentation, and the pricing of cross-listed shares: theory and evidence from Chinese A and B shares
Sarkar, Asani; Wu, Lifan; Chakravarty, Sugato (1998)
In contrast to most other countries, Chinese foreign class B shares trade at an average discount of about 60 percent to the prices at which domestic A shares trade. We argue that one reason for the large price discount of B shares is because foreign investors have less information on Chinese stocks than domestic investors. We develop a model, incorporating both informational asymmetry and market segmentation, and derive a relative pricing equation for A shares and B shares. We show theoretically that an A share index security, tradable by foreigners, increases the liquidity of B shares. Our ...
Research Paper , Paper 9820

Journal Article
Electronic trading on futures exchanges
Sarkar, Asani; Tozzi, Michelle (1998-01)
Although the open outcry method is still the best way to trade highly active contracts on futures exchanges, electronic systems can improve the efficiency and cost effectiveness of trading some types of futures and options. In recent years, the volume of electronic trades on futures exchanges has more than doubled, and it should continue to grow rapidly.
Current Issues in Economics and Finance , Volume 4 , Issue Jan

Conference Paper
Liquidity and price shocks in futures markets
Locke, Peter; Sarkar, Asani (1995)
Proceedings

Discussion Paper
Large Bank Cash Balances and Liquidity Regulations
Sarkar, Asani; Levine, Jeffrey (2019-07-15)
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) has recently communicated its aim to continue implementing monetary policy in a regime that maintains an ample supply of reserves, though with a significantly lower level of reserves than has prevailed in recent years. The liquidity needs of the largest U.S. commercial banks play an important role in understanding the banking system’s appetite for actual reserve holdings, which we refer to as bank reserve demand. In this post, we discuss the recent evolution of large bank cash balances and the effect of liquidity regulations on these balances. In ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20190715

Discussion Paper
Is Stigma Attached to the European Central Bank's Marginal Lending Facility?
Sarkar, Asani; Lee, Helene (2018-04-16)
The European Central Bank (ECB)’s marginal lending facility has been used by banks to borrow funds both in normal times and during the crisis that started in 2007. In this post, we argue that how a central bank communicates the purpose of a facility is important in determining how users of the facility are perceived. In particular, the ECB never refers to the marginal lending facility as a back-up source of funds. The ECB’s neutral approach may be a key factor in explaining why financial institutions are less reluctant to use the marginal lending facility than the Fed’s discount window.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20180416

Discussion Paper
The Failure Resolution of Lehman Brothers
Sarkar, Asani; Fleming, Michael J. (2014-04-03)
The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and its 209 registered subsidiaries was one of the largest and most complex in history, with more than $1 trillion of creditor claims in the United States alone, four bodies of applicable U.S. laws, and insolvency proceedings that involved over eighty international legal jurisdictions. The experience of resolving Lehman has led to an active debate regarding the effectiveness of applying the U.S. Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Code to complex financial institutions. In this post, we draw on our Economic Policy Review article to highlight the challenges of resolving ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20140403

Discussion Paper
Dealer Participation in the TSLF Options Program
Hrung, Warren B.; Fleming, Michael J.; Sarkar, Asani; Denison, Erin (2019-03-06)
Our previous post described the workings of the Term Securities Lending Facility Options Program (TOP), which offered dealers options for obtaining short-term loans over month- and quarter-end dates during the global financial crisis of 2007-08. In this follow-up post, we examine dealer participation in the TOP, including the extent to which dealers bid for options, at what fees, and whether they exercised their options. We also provide evidence on how uncertainty in dealers’ funding positions was related to the demand for the liquidity options.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20190306a

Discussion Paper
The Growth of Murky Finance
Sarkar, Asani; Hou, David; Antill, Samuel (2014-03-27)
Building upon previous posts in this series that discussed individual banks, we examine the historical growth of the entire financial sector, relative to the rest of the economy. This sector’s historically large share of the economy today (see chart below) and its role in disrupting the functioning of the real economy during the recent financial crisis have led to questions about the social value of costly financial services. While new regulations such as the Dodd-Frank Act impose restrictions on financial activities and increase their costs, especially those of large firms, our paper ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20140327

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