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Discussion Paper
Evolution in Bank Complexity
McAndrews, James J.; Cetorelli, Nicola; Traina, James (2014-03-28)
In yesterday’s post, our colleagues discussed the historic changes in financial sector size. Here, we tackle a related question on dynamics—how has bank complexity evolved through time? Recently, academics and policymakers have proposed a variety of strong actions to curb bank complexity, stemming from the view that complex banks are undesirable. While the large banks of today are certainly complex, we lack a thorough understanding of how they got that way. In this post and in our related contribution to the Economic Policy Review (EPR) volume, we focus on organizational complexity, ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20140328

Report
Risks in U.S. bank international exposures
Goldberg, Linda S.; Cetorelli, Nicola (2006)
U.S. banks have substantial exposure to foreign markets such as Europe and Latin America. In this paper, we show how the amounts and forms of these exposures have evolved over time and note the changes in embodied risks taken through banks' cross-border activity, local claims, and derivative positions. Our findings vary with the type of U.S. bank. Compared with other banks, money-center banks tend to have a greater share of their assets in foreign exposures. Some of money-center banks' exposure to riskier countries, particularly Latin American countries, is achieved through the activities of ...
Staff Reports , Paper 240

Discussion Paper
Enhancing Monitoring of NBFI Exposure: The Case of Open-End Funds
Cetorelli, Nicola; Sarkar, Debashish (2023-04-18)
Non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) have grown steadily over the last two decades, becoming important providers of financial intermediation services. As NBFIs naturally interact with banking institutions in many markets and provide a wide range of services, banks may develop significant direct exposures stemming from these counterparty relationships. However, banks may be also exposed to NBFIs indirectly, simply by virtue of commonality in asset holdings. This post and its companion piece focus on this indirect form of exposure and propose ways to identify and quantify such ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20230418a

Discussion Paper
Introducing a Series on the Evolution of Banks and Financial Intermediation
Cetorelli, Nicola (2012-07-16)
It used to be simple: Asked how to describe financial intermediation, you would just mention the word “bank.” Then things got complicated. As a result of innovation and legal and regulatory changes, financial intermediation has evolved in a way that invites us to question whether it revolves around banks anymore. The centerpiece of modern intermediation is the advent and growth of asset securitization: loans do not need to reside on the originator’s balance sheet until maturity any longer, but they can instead be packaged into securities and sold to investors. With securitization, ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20120716

Journal Article
Evolution in bank complexity
McAndrews, James J.; Cetorelli, Nicola; Traina, James (2014-12)
This study documents the changing organizational complexity of bank holding companies as gauged by the number and types of subsidiaries. Using comprehensive data on U.S. financial acquisitions over the past thirty years, the authors track the process of consolidation and diversification, finding that banks not only grew in size, but also incorporated subsidiaries that span the entire spectrum of business activities within the financial sector. Their analysis shows that bank holding companies added banks to their firms in the early 1990s, but gradually expanded into nonbank intermediation ...
Economic Policy Review , Issue Dec , Pages 85-106

Discussion Paper
Resolving \\"Too Big to Fail\\"
Cetorelli, Nicola; Traina, James (2018-10-02)
Many market participants believe that large financial institutions enjoy an implicit guarantee that the government will step in to rescue them from potential failure. These ?Too Big to Fail? (TBTF) issues became particularly salient during the 2008 crisis. From the government?s perspective, rescuing these financial institutions can be important to avoid harm to the financial system. The bailouts also artificially lower the risk borne by investors and the financing costs of big banks. The Dodd-Frank Act attempts to remove the incentive for governments to bail out banks in the first place by ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20181002

Discussion Paper
Selection in Banking
Cetorelli, Nicola; Leonard, Douglas (2019-12-16)
Over the past thirty years, more than 2,900 U.S. banks have transformed from pure depository institutions into conglomerates involved in a broad range of business activities. What type of banks choose to become conglomerate organizations? In this post, we document that, from 1986 to 2018, such institutions had, on average, a higher return on equity in the three years prior to their decision to expand, as well as a lower level of risk overall. However, this superior pre-expansion performance diminishes over time, and all but disappears by the end of the 1990s.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20191216

Working Paper
Banking market structure, financial dependence and growth: international evidence from industry data
Gambera, Michele; Cetorelli, Nicola (1999)
This paper explores the empirical relevance of banking market structure on growth. There is substantial evidence of a positive relationship between the level of development of the banking sector of an economy and its long-run output growth. Little is known, however, about the role played by the market structure of the banking sector on the dynamics of capital accumulation. This paper provides evidence that bank concentration promotes the growth of those industrial sectors that are more in need of external finance by facilitating credit access to younger firms. However, we also find evidence ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-99-8

Working Paper
Could Prometheus be bound again? a contribution to the convergence controversy
Cetorelli, Nicola (1998)
This paper presents a model of stochastic growth in which the probability of adverse shocks to production is inversely related to the aggregate stock of capital per capita. Postulating this endogenous relationship, justified by empirical evidence, the model yields long-run predictions consistent with the recent findings of cross-country club convergence and intra-distribution mobility.
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-98-3

Discussion Paper
Bank Regulation and Bank Complexity
Cetorelli, Nicola; Wang, Rose (2016-04-06)
U.S. Bank Holding Companies (BHCs) currently control about 3,000 subsidiaries that provide community housing services?such as building low-income housing units, maintaining shelters, and providing housing services to the elderly and disabled. This aspect of U.S. BHC activity is intriguing because it departs from the traditional deposit-taking and loan-making operations typically associated with banks. But perhaps most importantly, the sheer number of these subsidiaries makes one think about the organizational complexity of U.S. BHCs. This is an issue that has generated much discussion in ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20160406

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