Working Paper

Across the Universe: Policy Support for Employment and Revenue in the Pandemic Recession

Abstract: Using data from 14 government sources, we develop comprehensive estimates of U.S. economic activity by sector, legal form of organization, and firm size to characterize how four government direct lending programs—the Paycheck Protection Program, the Main Street Lending Program, the Corporate Credit Facilities, and the Municipal Lending Facilities—relate to these classes of economic activity in the United States. The classes targeted by these programs are vast—accounting for 97 percent of total U.S. employment—though entityspecific financial criteria limit coverage within specific programs. These programs notionally cover a far larger universe than what was targeted by analogous Great Recession-era lending policies. We relate our estimates to those from timely alternative data sources, which do not typically cover the majority of the economic universe.

Keywords: Employment; Activity estimates; Direct lending programs; Paycheck Protection Program; PPP; Main Street; Corporate Credit Facilities; Alternative data;

JEL Classification: C83; E20; E58;

https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2020.099

Bibliographic Information

Provider: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)

Part of Series: Finance and Economics Discussion Series

Publication Date: 2020-12-04

Number: 2020-099

Related Works

• Working Paper Revision (2021-06-23) : Across the Universe: Policy Support for Employment and Revenue in the Pandemic Recession
• Working Paper Original (2020-12-04) : You are here.