Working Paper

The Bank Lending Channel Is Back

Abstract: The period following the global financial crisis was marked by low interest rates and low responsiveness of bank lending to monetary policy. This led some to conclude that the bank lending channel for monetary policy to influence economic activity had weakened. This paper revisits the responsiveness of the bank lending channel using a bank-level panel of US Call Report data and updated measures of U.S. monetary policy shocks. Results indicate that the efficacy of the bank lending channel increased over our sample period. We find tepid responses in bank lending to monetary shocks from 2012H1 through 2016H2, matching the existing literature, but significantly more robust responsiveness after liftoff, represented by the latter portion of our sample from 2017H1 through 2023H2. Separating the later panel by bank size reveals that the bank lending channel is larger for small and medium-sized banks than for large banks over this later period, also consistent with studies predating the global financial crisis. Increases in responsiveness at conventional rates are even greater for small business lending. An interactive specification over our entire sample period confirms that the stronger recent bank lending responses to monetary policy shocks are associated with sufficiently high prevailing levels of the federal funds rate.

Keywords: credit channel; monetary policy; interest rate channel;

JEL Classification: E58; E63; G14; G18; G32;

https://doi.org/10.24148/wp2025-04

Bibliographic Information

Provider: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco

Part of Series: Working Paper Series

Publication Date: 2025-02-11

Number: 2025-04