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Report
Pandemic-Era Inflation Drivers and Global Spillovers
Silva, Alvaro; Kalemli-Özcan, Ṣebnem; Yildirim, Muhammed A.; di Giovanni, Julian (2023-11-01)
We estimate a multi-country, multi-sector New Keynesian model to quantify the drivers of domestic inflation during 2020–23 in several countries, including the United States. The model matches observed inflation together with sector-level prices and wages. We further measure the relative importance of different types of shocks on inflation across countries over time. The key mechanism, the international transmission of demand, supply and energy shocks through global linkages helps us to match the behavior of the USD/EUR exchange rate. The quantification exercise yields four key findings. ...
Staff Reports , Paper 1080

Report
Specialization and the volume of trade: do the data obey the laws?
Harrigan, James (2001-11-01)
The core subjects of trade theory are the pattern and volume of trade: which goods are traded by which countries, and how much of those goods are traded. The first part of this paper discusses evidence on comparative advantage, with an emphasis on carefully connecting theoretical models with data analyses. The second part of the paper considers the theoretical foundations of the gravity model and reviews the small number of studies that have tried to test, rather than simply use, the implications of gravity. Both parts of the paper yield the same conclusion: we are still in the very early ...
Staff Reports , Paper 140

Discussion Paper
New China Tariffs Increase Costs to U.S. Households
Amiti, Mary; Weinstein, David E.; Redding, Stephen J. (2019-05-23)
Tariffs on $200 billion of U.S. imports from China subject to earlier 10 percent levies increased to 25 percent beginning May 10, 2019, after a breakdown in trade negotiations. In this post, we consider the cost of these higher tariffs to the typical U.S. household.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20190523

Discussion Paper
Modeling the Global Effects of the COVID-19 Sudden Stop in Capital Flows
Queraltó, Albert; Benigno, Gianluca; Akinci, Ozge (2020-05-18)
The COVID-19 outbreak has triggered unusually fast outﬂows of dollar funding from emerging market economies (EMEs). These outflows are known as “sudden stop” episodes, and they are typically followed by economic contractions. In this post, we assess the macroeconomic eﬀects of the COVID-induced sudden stop of capital flows to EMEs, using our open-economy DSGE model. Unlike existing frameworks, such as the Federal Reserve Board’s SIGMA model, our model features both domestic and international ﬁnancial constraints, making it well-suited to capture the eﬀects of an outﬂow of ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20200518

Working Paper
International Trade and Intertemporal Substitution
Waugh, Michael E.; Leibovici, Fernando (2016-06-01)
This paper quantitatively investigates the extent to which variation in the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution can help account for puzzling features of cyclical fluctuations of international trade volumes. Our insight is that, because international trade is time-intensive, variation in the rate at which agents are willing to substitute across time affects how trade volumes respond to changes in output and prices. We use a standard small open economy model with time-intensive international trade, calibrated to match key features of U.S. data and disciplining the variation in the ...
Working Papers , Paper 2017-4

Working Paper
An Anatomy of U.S. Establishments’ Trade Linkages in Global Value Chains
Flaaen, Aaron; Kamal, Fariha; Lee, Eunhee; Yi, Kei-Mu (2024-12-27)
Global value chains (GVC) are a pervasive feature of modern production, but they are hard to measure. Using U.S. Census microdata, we develop novel measures of the linkages between U.S. manufacturing establishments’ imports and exports. We document three new GVC patterns. First, for every dollar of exports, imported inputs represent 13 cents in 2002 and 20 cents by 2017, substantially higher than what aggregate data suggests. Second, we find strong complementarities between input and output markets reflected in “round-trip” trade linkages where an establishment sources inputs from and ...
Working Papers , Paper 2419

Working Paper
Price equalization does not imply free trade
Riezman, Raymond; Ravikumar, B.; Mutreja, Piyusha; Sposi, Michael (2012)
In this paper we show that price equalization alone is not sufficient to establish that there are no barriers to international trade. There are many barrier combinations that deliver price equalization, but each combination implies a different volume of trade. Therefore, in order to make statements about trade barriers it is necessary to know the trade flows. We demonstrate this first theoretically in a simple two-country model. We then extend the result quantitatively to a multicountry model with two sectors. We show that for the case of capital goods trade, barriers have to be large in ...
Globalization Institute Working Papers , Paper 129

Working Paper
Forward Looking Exporters
de Soyres, Francois; Frohm, Erik; Highkin, Emily; Mix, Carter (2023-07-13)
This paper studies the role of expectations in driving export adjustment. We assemble bilateral data on spot exchange rates, one year ahead exchange rate forecasts and HS2-product export data for 11 exporting countries and 64 destinations, covering the 2006–2014 period. Results from fixed effects regressions and an instrumental variables approach show that expectations of exchange rate changes are an important channel for export adjustment. A one percent expected exchange rate depreciation over the next year is associated with a 0.96 percent increase in the extensive margin (entry of new ...
International Finance Discussion Papers , Paper 1377

Journal Article
International Trade Openness and Monetary Policy: Evidence from Cross-Country Data
Leibovici, Fernando (2019)
This article studies the extent to which open economies conduct monetary policy differently from economies that are relatively closed to international trade. I first estimate country-specific Taylor rules for 26 economies, following the approach of Clarida, Gal, and Gertler (1998 and 2000). Then, I examine the extent to which open economies assign systematically different weights to changes in economic outcomes, such as inflation and the output gap, than their closed economy counterparts do. I find that open economies respond less strongly to changes in expected inflation than relatively ...
Review , Volume 101 , Issue 2 , Pages 93-113

Working Paper
Financial Frictions and Export Dynamics in Large Devaluations
Szkup, Michal; Leibovici, Fernando; Kohn, David (2017-05-01)
We study the role of financial frictions and balance-sheet effects in accounting for the dynamics of aggregate exports in large devaluations. We investigate a small open economy with heterogeneous firms and endogenous export decisions in which firms face financing constraints and debt can be denominated in foreign units. Despite the negative impact of these channels on capital accumulation and output at the firm-level, we find that they only explain a modest fraction of the gradual increase of exports observed in these episodes. Exports increase since financially-constrained exporters are ...
Working Papers , Paper 2017-13

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